MICROBIO 5.6

Other Bacterial Diseases

Legionnaire’s Disease

Atypical pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila

Legionella Pneumophila gram status

negative

Legionella Pneumophila shape

Coccobacilli

Legionella pneumophila oxygen requirements

aerobic

Legionella pneumophila motility

motile

Legionella pneumophila characterisitic

Fastidious; needs iron salts and cysteine (amino acid)

___% of Legionella infections is from ________________.

90; legionella pneumophila

legionella pneumophila natural habitat

rivers and streamsL

Legionella pneumophila transmission

Aerosols or aspiration of contaminated water from AC systems or man-made water systems (e.g. hot tub, hot water tank, humidifier)

Indirect contact

Legionnaires’ Disease signs

• Fever

• headache

• muscle ache

• cough

• shortness of breath

• atypical pneumonia

Legionnaires’ Disease diagnosis

Urine antigen test & culturing

Legionnaires’ Disease Treatment

antibiotics

How does legionella pneumophila (fastidious) grow without nutrients in moist areas?

They are INTRACELLULAR PARASITES; they live in protozoa and amoeba, which phagocytose the bacteria, but bacteria reproduce in phagocytic vesicles in host until release.

Plague

AKA black death; caused by Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis gram status

negative

Yersinia pestis shape

Bacillus

Yersinia pestis oxygen requirements

Facultative anaerobe

How Plague is transmitted (bubonic)

1. Rodents mice, voles are reservoirs of Yersinia pestis —> people get sick through bites (direct)

2. Fleas bite and pick up bacteria and act as vector —> people get sick from bites (indirect)

Three types of plagues

1. Bubonic

2. Pneumonic

3. Septicemic

Bubonic plague symptoms

High fever & swollen lymph nodes (AKA bubo)

Risk from bubonic plague

Bacteremia which can cause gangrene

Pathogesis of skin turning black (Yersinia pestis)

1. Septecemia

2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (tiny blood clots)

3. Clotting factors are used to make DIC

4. Hemorrhaging occurs into skin & tissues (darkness)

5. Necrosis

6. Becomes susceptible to Clostridium!

Bubonic plague is ___% fatal without treatment.

50

Pneumonic plague

When bacteria moves into respiratory system; is now transmitted from person to person through aerosol droplets.

*HIGHLY VIRULENT

Pneumonic plague is ____% fatal without treatment.

100

Septicemic plague

Occurs when bubonic and pnuemonic plauge are untreated; leads to sepsis caused by bacteremia

Plague treatment

needed IMMEDIATELY; antibiotics

Anthrax

Infection caused by bacillus anthracis, an endospore forming bacteria.

Bacillus anthracis gram status

positive

Bacillus anthracis shape

bacillus… (rod)

Bacillus anthracis oxygen requirements

aerobic

Bacillus anthracis typical environment

Soil

Bacillus anthracis transmission

Spores ingested or introduced through wounds

Three types of anthrax

1. Cutaneous

2. Gastrointestinal

3. Pulmonary (AKA inhalation)

Cutaneous anthrax symptoms

Black, solid boil that becomes necrotic

Painless; if untreated, it becomes deadly from exotoxins released

Anthrax treatment

antibiotics

Gastrointestinal anthrax transmission method

Consumption of food with anthrax (dormant spores, then “active growing cells”)

Gastrointestinal anthrax symptoms

• severe diarrhea

• vomiting

• acute inflammation

• intestine hemorrhage

Pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax transmission method

inhalation of endospore, which germinates in lungs

Pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax early symptoms

• Fever

• cough

• like any other resp infection

Pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax late symptoms

• high fever

• respiratory distress from swelling in respiratory tract

• shock

Pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax mortality rate

100% (because it is not caught in early stages)

Anthrax ____s were used as ___ ______.

spores; bio weapons

Lyme disease symptoms

• Fever

• chills

• headache

• muscle/joint pain

• erythema migrans (bullseye rash)

  • only 75% of cases

Lyme disease transmission

Deer tick as vector, white footed mouse as reservoir

What causes lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi motility

motile

Borrelia burgdorferi oxygen requirements

anaerobe

Borrelia burgdorferi shape

spirochete

Spirochete

Corkscrew shaped bacteria; gram negative

Borrelia burgdorferi observation requirements

Negative stain required

If lyme disease is untreated…

Bacteria goes into latent stage —> lyme arthritis (inflammation)

Lyme disease complications

• irregular heartbeat

• myocarditis

• facial palsy

• balance issues

• mood disturbances

• schizo-like illness

Tick life cycle & borrelia transmission

1. Tick larvae hatch (SPRING)

2. Tick larvae become infected when feeding on small animals/birds

3. Borrelia multiplies in infected larvae (SUMMER)

4. Larvae turn into nymph (FALL)

5. Infected nymphs feed on humans/animals (SPRING)

6. Nymphs turn into adult ticks throughout SUMMER

7. Adult ticks feed on deer or other animals and mate (FALL)

8. Female ticks lay uninfected eggs

Where is lyme disease most concentrated in U.S.?

Northeast area