Cellular Energy DAT Ch3

DAT Ch3

Entropy

disorder of the universe is always increasing

Metabolism

all metabolic pathways, series of chemical reactions, happening in an organism

Catabolic Process

breaking down larger molecules for energy

Anabolic

using energy to build larger macromolecules

Q10

a factor that measures the change in reactions rates for every 10 C change in temperature

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

consumes oxygen, more energy produced

Anaerobic

no oxygen needed, but less energy produced

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

RNA Nucleoside, adenine + ribose sugar + triphosphate

Adenosine Diphosphate

ATP after hydrolysis, release of energy by removing one phosphate

Reaction Coupling

powering an energy requiring reaction with an energy releasing reaction

Mitochondria

organelle that produces ATP through cellular respiration

Mitochondria structure

outer, inter, and inner membrane with cristae in the inner membrane and the mitochondrial matrix is in the intermembrane

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Phosphorylate ADP into ATP by breakdown of Glucose and movement of electrons

Four catabolic processes of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Does not require oxygen, takes place in the cystol, substrate level phosphorylation, 2ATP → 4 ATP

Pyruvate Oxidation

in the mitochondrial matrix, 2 Pyruvate → 2 Acetyl CoA

Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrial Matrix, 2 Acetyl CoA →4 Co2 + 2 NADH+ + 2 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport chain and chemiosmosis work together to produce ATP

ETC Goal

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane, regenerate electron carriers and create an electrochemical gradient to power ATP production

Oxygen in Electron Transport Chain

Final electron acceptor

Four Protein complexes

Number of protein complexes that are responsible for moving electrons through a series of redox reaction in the ETC

electrochemical gradient

protons pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an acidic intermembrane space is called

Chemiosmosis

Protons flow from the intermembrane space down their electrochemical gradient to the mitochondrial matrix, used to convert ADP to ATP, coupled condensation rxn

ATP Synthase

the channel protein that connects the mitochondrial intermembrane and matrix to allow for the flow of protons and electrons

Aerobic Cell Respiration

Exergonic, 2 ATP -→ 36 to 38 ATP

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

common in microorganisms, use alternative electron acceptors instead of oxygen,

Fermentation

yeast and human muscle cells, anaerobic, creates byproduct

Lactic Acid Fermentation

2 NADH to reduce 2 pyruvate into two lactic acid muscles

Red Blood Cells

lack mitochondria so they undergo lactic acid fermentation for ATP generation

Alcohol Fermentation

yeast, NADH reduces pyruvate into Ethanol

Obligate Aerobes

only perform aerobic respiration, need oxygen to survive

Obligate Anaerobes

only undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation, oxygen is poison to them

facultative anaerobes

aerobic, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation, prefer aerobic as it has the highest ATP yield

Microaerophiles

only perform aerobic respiration, but high amounts of oxygen is dangerous to them

Aerotolerant organisms

only undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation, but oxygen is not poison to them

Glycogenolysis

release of glucose 6 phosphate from glycogen, from carbohydrates to be used

Glycogenesis

conversion of glucose 6 phosphate into glycogen (carbohydrate) to be stored

Fats in energy production

Lipases to digest the fats in free fatty acids and alcohols, then free fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to become Acetyl Co A

Adipocytes

cells that store fat and have hormone sensitive lipase enzymes, release triglycerides as lipoproteins or albumin

Albumin

protein to which the the free fatty acids of lipoproteins are bound

Fat v Carbohydrate in ATP Production

fats are more difficult to breakdown (two steps), but contain more energy

Proteins in energy production

least desirable alternative source, too much energy and effort is required and they are essential elsewhere