BIO H | Unit 2: Biochemistry + Organic Compounds

organic molecule

-molecule that contains carbon

how many bonds does carbon have?

4 → TETRAVALENT, NONPOLAR COVALENT

what does carbon join with in an organic molecule?

N, H, O, C

carbon skeleton

chain/backbone of carbon atoms

what are the variations of a carbon skeleton?

length, shape (straight, branched, ring), multiple bonds possible

hydrocarbons

-C+H only

-not common in living things

hydrocarbon regions

nonpolar covalent regions

hydrophobic

repels/avoid water - nonpolar, water is polar

-they tend to create WATERPROOF areas

what do functional groups do?

-they add diversity

-attach to hydrocarbon chain

-areas of reaction

what are the 6 functional groups?

1. hydroxyl

2. carbonyl

3. carboxyl

4. amino

5. sulfhydryl

6. phosphate

hydroxyl

-OH

carbonyl

-Aldehyde (-COH)

-Ketone (-CO)

carboxyl

-COOH

amino

-NH2

sulfhydryl

-SH

phosphate

-PO4

macromolecule

-giant molecule

-most (not all) are made by chains of smaller molecules linked together

monomers

small units of a macromolecule

polymers

-monomers linked together to form long chains

-covalent bonds

polymenization

process to join long chains of monomers together

dehydration synthesis

-type of polymenization

-H and OH are removed from monomer

-2 polymers join together, H2O is formed with the atoms taken out

what is dehydration synthesis also called?

condensation reaction

what is the opposite from dehydration synthesis?

hydrolysis

hydrolysis

-water added

-polymer is broken apart

-catalyzed by hydrolyase enzyme

-splitting of a polymer by adding water to a covalent bond

what is the formula of a carbohydrate?

CH2O → all have the same formula → empirical formula

**key identifying feature

what is the function of a carbohydrate?

-main energy source

-plants + some animals (insects) use for structure

monosaccharide

simple sugar

what are the functional groups present in monosaccharides?

-carbonyl (CO)

-hydroxyl (OH)

monosaccharides can vary in….

length of carbon chain - different number of C atoms

what is the shape of a monosaccharide?

linear or ring

describe the classification of carbohydrates

based on the number of monomers

monosaccharides (classification def)

-single monomer

-glucose - simple sugar found in blood, product of photosynthesis C6H12O6

-galactose

-fructose

disaccharides

-2 monosaccharides

-joinedbby dehydration synthesis

-sucrose

-lactose

-maltose

**monosaccharide + monosaccharide - H2O = disaccharide

polysaccharide

-10 or more monosaccharide

-plant starch → stores sugar in plants

-cellulose - forms cell walls of plants (fibers, tough, rigid, strong)

-glycogen → stores extra sugar for long term energy (stored in muscles, used for movement, only in animals, branched shape)

what is the formula of a lipid?

-mostly made of C and H

-hydrophobic

-not soluble in water

what are the functions of a lipid?

-store energy

-form membranes → waterproof coverings (hydrophobic)

are lipids polymers?

no

WHY arent lipids polymers?

-doesnt have a single long chain - only one thats not a polymer

-but it is made of smaller units connected using dehydration synthesis (looks like an E)

what are the 3 classifications of lipids?

-triglycerides

-phospholipids

-steroids

triglycerides

-3 fatty acids and glycerol

-stores energy (dietary, nutrition)

-different examples of triglycerides

what are the 2 types of triglycerides

-saturated fats

-unsaturated fats

saturated fats

-have max number of H atoms

-all C bonds are single

-straight chain

-usually solid at room temp

-more common in animal foods

unsaturated fats

-contains double C bonds

-less H atoms

-bends in chain

-liquid at room temp

-polyunsaturated have more than one double bond

-oil

-tend to come from plant sources (healthier)

phospholipids

-glycerol and 2 fatty acids

-phosphate group on 3rd carbon

-hydrophobic TAIL/ hydrophilic HEAD

-phospholipid bilayer membranes

-legs tuck in together to make waterproof layer

-not dietary

steroids

-4 fused rings and various attachments

-cholesterol, hormones

what does nucleic acid contain?

O, C, H, N, P

what is the function of a nucleic acid?

-contains genetic or hereditary info

-instructions for making proteins → determines traits

what monomer is nucleic acid?

nucleotide (true polymer)

-nitrogenous base (G, C, A, T)

-sugar (5 cabron rings)

**Ribose (RNA)

**Deoxyribose (DNA)

-phosphate group

DNA

-deoxyribonucleic acid

-2 strands or chains

-double stranded “helix”

RNA

-ribonucleic acid

-single stranded

-3 different shapes

what atoms are in protein?

C, H, N, O, (P, S)

what are the functions of proteins?

-controls rate of reactions + cell processes (enzymes)

-form bones and muscle

-transport substances in and out of cells (protein channels or gates)

-fight diseases (antibodies)

what monomer is a protein?

-amino acid (true polymer)

-all have an aminoacid and carboXyl group

-changing R-Group (side chain, determines which amino acid it is)

how many different amino acids are found in nature?

20

how many groups of those 20 AAs are there?

**4

-non-polar (H+C)

-polar (O)

-positive charge

-negative charge

how many levels of complex structure are there in proteins?

4

1. primary structure

2. secondary structure

3. tertiary structure

4. quaternary structure

primary structure (1)

-connect AA with covalent bond (dehydration synthesis, called PEPTIDE bond → polypeptide)

-polymer chain

secondary structure (2)

-H bonds between amino + carboxyl groups

-alpha helix (spiral)

-beta pleated sheet (zig zag)

tertiary structure (3)

-bond structure between R groups/side chains

-hydrophobic interactions, van der waals

-disulfide bridges

-h bonds

-ionic bonds

quaternary structure

-multiple polypeptide chains

-form globular

-or “woven” fiberous proteins