Kinesiology Quiz 1

kinesiology

the study of human movement

Where are the spinal curvatures?

in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions

SEE Principle

Underlying aim of kinesiology, Safety Effectiveness, Efficiency

Safety

structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body

Effectiveness

success of failure of meeting goals for performance

Efficiency

striving to achieve movement goal with the least amount of effort

Components of a kinesiological analysis

1) describing a skill

2) evaluating performance

3) prescribing corrections

Planes of motion

imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved

Sagittal plane

bisects the body from the front to back, dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves

Sagittal plane movements

flexion and extention ex: sit-ups, bicep curl, knee extension

Frontal plane

divides the body into anterior or front and posterior or back halves

Frontal plane movements

abduction and adduction ex: jumping jacks, hip add/abduction

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior or top and inferior or bottom halves

Transverse plane movements

rotation ex: spinal rotation

Diagonal planes of motion

high diagonal and two low diagonal planes

High diagonal

upper limbs at shoulder joints, overhand skills

ex: baseball pitch, tennis serve

Low diagonal (lower body joints)

lower limbs at the hip joints

ex: kicking a football, soccer kick

Low diagonal (upper body joints)

upper limbs at the shoulder joints

ex: golf swing, underhand throw, bowling

Axes of rotation

bilateral or frontal, anteroposterior or AP, vertical

Bilateral or frontal

axis passes horizontally from side to side; perpendicular to sagittal plane

Anteroposterior or AP

axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to frontal plane

Vertical

axis is perpendicular to the ground and transverse plane

in, around

Rotation occurs ___ a plane and _____ an axis

always

Axis of movement is ____ at right angles to the plane in which in occurs

frontal, bilateral axis

has the same orientation as the frontal plane of motion and runs from side to side at a right angle to he sagittal plane of motion

• commonly includes flexion and extension movements

frontal/bilateral axis

sagittal plane = ______

Anteroposterior (AP) axis

has the same orientation as the sagittal plane of motion and runs from front to back at a right angle to the frontal plane of motion

• divides the anterior and the posterior

• commonly includes abduction and adduction

AP axis

frontal plane = ______

Vertical axis

runs straight down through the top of the head and is at a right angle to the transverse plane of motion

• divides the superior and the inferior

• commonly includes internal rotation and external rotation movements

vertical axis

transverse plane = ______

Diagonal or oblique axis

runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

Two types of bones

compact, cancellous

Compact

dense outer bone

Cancellous

open, spongy looking inner bone - great for strength

long bones

shaft or body with medullary canal and relatively broad, knobby ends

ex: femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

short bones

relatively small, chunky, solid

ex: carpal and tarsals

Flat bones

flat and plate like

ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis

Irregular bones

bones of spinal column

ex: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Wolff’s Law

• states that bone in a healthy person will adapt to the load placed on it

• bone size and shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them

• bones reshape themselves based on the stresses/load placed upon them

• bone mass increase over time with increased stress/load

Emerson’s Law

“for everything that is given, something is taken.”

• movement is gained at the expense of stability (shoulder vs. hip)

osteoblasts

cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

osteoclasts

dissolve and break down old or damaged bone

osteogenesis

the process of bone formation

osteoporosis

a condition that weakens bones, making them more prone to fractures

types of joints

• diarthrodial

• synarthrodial

Diarthrodial

• articular cavity

• ligamentous capsule

• synovial membrane

• surfaces are smooth

• surface covered with cartilage

Synarthrodial

• no articular cavity

• no capsule

• no synovial membrane or synovial fluid

• no separation

• bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue

simultaneous movements

two or more distinct actions that occur at the same time, rather than one after the other in a sequence

sequential movements

involve a series of body parts acting in a specific, coordinated order to generate force and achieve a goal