human geography final exam

Agrarian

Society or culture based On farming or cultivating land for food production

Hunting and gathering

A pre-agricultural subsistence Method where people hunt animals and gather wild plants for food

Agriculture

The intentional Cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for food (2 TYPES)

• subsistence agriculture

• Commercial agriculture

Subsistence agriculture

Farming for personal or local consumption

Commercial agriculture

Farming to produce crops and livestock for sale and profit

First agricultural revolution

The initial transition from hunting gathering to settled farming beginning around 10,000 years ago

Second agricultural revolution

Improvements in farming, technology and methods during the 18th to 19th centuries, including the enclosure act in Britain that privatized common land

Green revolution

Mid 20th century movement using new crop varieties fertilizers and irrigation To increase food production globally

Bio revolution

Modern advances in biotechnology applied to agriculture, including genetic modification

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Plants or animals altered at the genetic level to enhance traits like pest resistance or yield

Golden rice

A genetically engineered rice, variety, enriched with vitamin A to combat malnutrition

Monsanto, roundup and roundup ready crops

Monsanto Developed roundup (A herbicide) And roundup ready crops genetically engineered to resist it allowing easy weed control

Industrial agriculture

Large scale, mechanized and chemically intensive farming focussed on maximizing output

Globalized agriculture

Agriculture integrated into a worldwide system, including along complex food commodity (Supply) Chains and concentration and consolidation of Agribusiness

Under nutrition

Insufficient calorie intake leading to poor health

Malnutrition

Poor nutrition caused by inadequate or unbalanced diet

Famine

Widespread scarcity of food, causing starvation

Alternative agriculture

Farming methods, focussing on sustainability such as regenerative, agriculture, and food forests

Great green wall of Africa

An African initiative to plant trees across the sahel To combat desertification

Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the land (2 TYPES)

• ordinary landscapes

• Symbolic landscapes

Ordinary landscapes

Every day settings

Symbolic landscapes

Places with special meaning or identity

Territoriality

The connection of people to a specific territory often controlling or defending space

Proxemics

The study of how people use and perceived physical space in communication and social interaction

Topophilia

Emotional ties and love for particular place

Derelict landscape

Abandoned or neglected areas often former industrial sites

Landscapes as texts

Viewing landscapes as messages or stories to be interpreted

Semiotics

The study of signs and symbols

Malls as coded spaces

Shopping malls designed to create a specific sense of place and consumer behaviour

Sacred space

Places considered Holy or spiritually significant

Selling and consuming “place”

Place marketing, mega events, and heritage industry

Place marketing

Promoting a location to attract visitors or investment

Mega events

Large international events (Olympics) That shape place identity

Heritage industry

Commercialization of historical sites

Globalization and “place”

Placelessness & Homogenous landscapes

Placelessness

Loss of unique local identity due to globalization

Homogenous landscapes

Similar looking places worldwide (chain stores)

Culture

A shared set of beliefs, practices, and material traits in a group

• Material culture

• Symbolic culture

Material culture

Physical objects

Symbolic culture

Ideas and meanings

Culture as a Geographical process

How culture shapes And is shaped by the places people inhabit

Cultural appropriation

Adopting elements of one culture by another often without permission or understanding

Cultural trait

A single aspect of Culture such as language or clothing

Diaspora

The dispersal of a people from their homeland

Cultural imperialism

Dominance of one culture over others often through media or economic power

Americanization

Spread of US culture worldwide

McDonaldization

Process were principles of fast food restaurants (Efficiency and predictability) Dominate other sectors

Social geography

Study of how social phenomenon relate to space And place

Identity

How people find themselves in relation to place And society

Intersectionality

The interconnected nature of social categories, like race, gender and class, creating overlapping systems of discrimination

Race

Socially constructed categories based on physical traits

Ethnicity

Shared cultural traits and sense of belonging to a group

Geographies of race/Ethnicity

How racial and ethnic groups are spatially distributed, and interact in places (Chinatown, Vancouver)

World urbanization trends

Growth patterns of urban populations, worldwide, especially rapid growth in the global south

Megacity

A city with over 10 million people

Megaregion (megalopolis)

A cluster of interconnected metropolitan areas

Urbanization

The increasing proportion of people living in cities

Urban ecology

Interaction between people and urban environments

Urbanism

Lifestyle associated with city living

Urban form

Physical layout of cities

Urban system

Network of cities and their relationships

Functions of urban areas

Economic, social, and political roles of cities

Cities in the core

Deindustrialization

Suburbanization

Counterurbanization

Fiscal squeeze

Example; Detroit decline after industry loss

Deindustrialization

Decline of manufacturing industries

Suburbanization

Movement to suburbs

Counterurbanization

People moving from cities to rural areas

Fiscal squeeze

Financial constraints on city governments

Cities in the periphery and semi periphery

Overurbanization

Under employment

Squatter settlements

Informal economy

Social and economic polarization

Example; dharavi Mumbai, a mega slum with both economic activity and severe poverty

Over urbanization

Rapid urban growth exceeding capacity to provide jobs or services

Underemployment

Workers employed less than desired or below skill level

squatter settlements

Informal housing like slums or shanty towns

Informal economy

unregulated often cash based work outside formal jobs

social economic polarization (dualism)

Sharp divides between rich and poor