WK7: QUANTIATIVE

Wilcoxxin

________ signed test: nonparametric alternative to t- test for correlated samples.

Inferential statistics

________- processes for drawing conclusions about a population based on data.

Confidence interval

________ and level: range of values observed in sample that accurately reflects the population.

Nonsymmetric

________: either positively (point towards the left) or negatively (point towards the right) skewed.

Kappa

________: determine the degree of agreement between two or more judges.

Correlational analysis

________: determines relationships among variables.

error

Sampling ________: sample not representative of population.

Normal distribution

________: both halves are identical.

Kurtosis

________: distribution characterised by its shape.

linear relationship

Pearson: measures the strength and direction of a(n) ________ between the x and y variables.

descriptive statistics

Bivariate ________: contingency tables and correlational analysis.

Statistical analysis

________: Organisation and interpretation of data according to well defined, systematic, and mathematical procedures and rules.

null hypothesis

Type I error (alpha): researcher fails to accept ________.

Non parametric

________ statistics: test hypothesis when the data violates one or more of the assumptions of parametric procedures.

Parametric statics

________: formulas that test hypothesises based on three assumptions.

Alternate hypothesis

________: definite difference between groups of a subject.

T test

________: Compare the difference of means of one variable.

Error variance

________: researcher overlooks unexpected problems in test environment.

Level of significance

________: statement of the expected degree of accuracy of the findings based on sample size.

Systematic variance

________: researcher fails to control extraneous variables such as age, race, gender.

Descriptive statistics types

________: MCT, measures of variability, bivariate descriptive statistics.

Hawthorne effect

________: attention given to subjects increases positive outcome.

Inferential statistics

________: inferences to known population.

Null hypothesis

________: statement of no difference.

Null hypothesis

statement of no difference

Alternate hypothesis

definite difference between groups of a subject

Statistical analysis

Organisation and interpretation of data according to well defined, systematic, and mathematical procedures and rules

Levels of statistical analysis

descriptive stats, inferential stats, associational stats, difference

Descriptive statics

data reduction

Inferential statistics

inferences to known population

Associational statistics

causality

Difference

difference between two or more groups of data

Descriptive statistics types

MCT, measures of variability, bivariate descriptive statistics

Measures of central tendency

mode, median, mean

Measures of variability

range, IQR, sum of squares, variance, standard deviation

Bivariate descriptive statistics

contingency tables and correlational analysis

Normal distribution

both halves are identical

Nonsymmetric

either positively (point towards the left) or negatively (point towards the right) skewed

Kurtosis

distribution characterised by its shape

Correlational analysis

determines relationships among variables

Level of significance

statement of the expected degree of accuracy of the findings based on sample size

inferential statistics

processes for drawing conclusions about a population based on data

confidence interval and level

range of values observed in sample that accurately reflects the population

significance level

indicates whether the samples being tests are from the same or different population

one-tailed and two-tailed level of significance

two extreme scores of the bell curve

type I error (alpha)

researcher fails to accept null hypothesis

type II error (beta)

accepts null hypothesis when it should be rejected

parametric statics

formulas that test hypothesises based on three assumptions

parametric stats assumptions

sample is serviced from population with a normal distribution, variance if homogeneous, data measures at interval level

t-test

Compare the difference of means of one variable

one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Test the difference between the means of two or more variables

pearson

measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between the x and y variables

non-parametric statistics

test hypothesis when the data violates one or more of the assumptions of parametric procedures

chi-squared test

when data is nominal, and computation of mean is not possible

mann-whitney test

test differences between two independent groups

Wilcoxxin signed test

nonparametric alternative to t-test for correlated samples

Kruskal-wallis test

non-parametric alternative to ANOVA

Kappa

determine the degree of agreement between two or more judges

Hawthorne effect

attention given to subjects increases positive outcome

Placebo effect

receiving treatment may produce positive expectations

Honeymoon effect

a short-term effect of a new treatment procedure subjects hope will impact on the disease

Research bias

researcher affecting results through enthusiasm and interest for the treatment to be effective

Test administer bias

person aware which subjects get treatment and which dont

Sampling error

sample not representative of population

Systematic variance

researcher fails to control extraneous variables such as age, race, gender

Error variance

researcher overlooks unexpected problems in test environment