Cardiovascular and Respiratory

'Where is the jugular groove located in ruminants?'

Along the neck, where the external jugular vein is accessible

'What is the primary site for blood sampling and intravenous injection in ruminants?'

Jugular vein or coccygeal vein

'What is the tracheal bronchus in ruminants?'

An additional bronchus that branches off the trachea before the main bifurcation

'How many lobes does the right bovine lung have?'

Four (cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory)

'How many lobes does the left bovine lung have?'

Two (cranial and caudal)

'What is unique about the cranial lobe of bovine lungs?'

It is divided into cranial and caudal parts on both sides

'Where is the cardiac notch located in ruminants?'

On the left side of the thorax, where the heart is not covered by lung tissue

'What is the location for pericardiocentesis in cattle?'

5th intercostal space on the left side, above the costochondral junction

'What are the two main layers of the pericardium?'

Fibrous and serous pericardia

'What is cardiac tamponade?'

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, compressing the heart

'What does the thoracic duct do?'

It is the main lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body

'Where does the thoracic duct empty its contents?'

Into the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and jugular veins

'What are the main groups of lymph nodes in the bovine thorax?'

Sternal, mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes

'What is the pattern of coronary circulation in ruminants?'

The right interventricular branch is a continuation of the left coronary artery

'What is the ansa subclavia?'

A loop of nerve fibres connecting the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia

'What is the functional significance of bronchopulmonary segments?'

They are independent respiratory units that can be surgically removed if diseased

'Where is the line of pleural reflection in cattle?'

It extends from the caudal border of the scapula to the last rib, following the costal arch

'What are the four major heart valves in ruminants?'

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves

'Where is the best location to auscultate the mitral valve in cattle?'

Left, 5th intercostal space, at the level of the elbow

'What is the clinical significance of the accessory lobe in the right bovine lung?'

It is prone to aspiration pneumonia due to its ventral position

'What is pericarditis?'

Inflammation of the pericardium, which can lead to adhesions and restricted heart movement

'Where is the vertebral ganglion located in ruminants?'

At the level of the first rib, as part of the sympathetic trunk

'What is the function of the pulmonary lymph nodes?'

To filter lymph from the lungs and aid in immune responses

'What is the significance of the coronary sinus in ruminants?'

It is the main venous drainage of the heart, emptying into the right atrium