[01.05] General Concepts in Medical Parasitology V2.pdf

Parasite

What is an organism that is dependent on another organism, deriving benefits from its host, which may or may not suffer consequences?

Host

What is the organism in or on which a parasite lives off of?

Endoparasites

What type of parasites live inside or within an organism?

Ectoparasites

What type of parasites live outside or on an organism?

Pathogenic parasites

What kind of parasites cause direct harm to their host?

Commensals

What kind of parasites do not directly cause harm to their host?

Obligate parasites

What type of parasites need a host at some stage in their life cycle to complete their development?

Ascaris, Trichuris

Name two examples of obligate parasites.

Facultative parasites

What type of parasites may live off of host/s or may exist in free-living form in the environment?

Naegleria

What is an example of a facultative parasite?

Accidental/Incidental parasites

What type of parasites are found in a host that is not normally its main host?

Zoonotic parasites

What type of parasites are mainly of other animals but can transfer to humans, although humans are not their primary host?

Spurious parasites

What type of parasites pass through the digestive tract without infecting the host?

Non-pathogenic intestinal protozoans

What is an example of a spurious parasite?

Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Protozoans, Arthropods

Name the five major classifications of parasites.

Flatworms

What common group do Cestodes and Trematodes both belong to?

Segmented flatworms

What distinguishes Cestodes from Trematodes in terms of body structure?

Non-segmented flatworms

What describes Trematodes in terms of their body structure?

Roundworms

What is another common name for Nematodes?

Tapeworms

What is another common name for Cestodes?

Flukes

What is another common name for Trematodes?

Amoeba

What is a common term for Protozoans?

Insects

What is a common term for Arthropods?

Hookworm

What is a common term for a nematode that is not a genus name?

Filarial worms

What is a common term for a group of nematodes, not a genus name?

Angiostrongylus

parasite that is a nematode

Hymenolepis

parasite that is a cestode

Ticks

parasite that is an arthropod

Fasciolopsis

parasite that is a trematode

Giardia

parasite that is a protozoan

Trichuris

parasite that is a nematode

Diphyllobothrium

cestode known as the fish tapeworm

Schistosoma

parasite that is a trematode

Lice

parasite that is an arthropod

Leishmania

parasite that is a protozoan

Filarial worms

parasite that is a nematode

Taenia

parasite that is a cestode

Clonorchis

parasite that is a trematode

Entamoeba

parasite that is a protozoan

Capillaria

parasite that is a nematode

Dipylidium

parasite that is a cestode

Anisakis

parasite that is a nematode

Balantidium

parasite that is a protozoan

Fasciola

parasite that is a trematode

Mites

parasite that is an arthropod

Strongyloides

parasite that is a nematode

Echinococcus

parasite that is a cestode

Cryptosporidium

parasite that is a protozoan

Ascaris

parasite that is a nematode

Echinostoma

parasite that is a trematode

Mosquitoes

parasite that is an arthropod

Hookworm

parasite that is a nematode

Trypanosoma

parasite that is a protozoan

Opisthorchis

parasite that is a trematode

Plasmodium

parasite that is a protozoan

Flies

parasite that is an arthropod

Toxoplasma

parasite that is a protozoan

Acanthamoeba

parasite that is a protozoan

Naegleria

parasite that is a protozoan

Fleas

parasite that is an arthropod

Paragonimus

parasite that is a trematode

Trichinella

parasite that is a nematode

Diphyllobothrium

Which cestode is known as the fish tapeworm?

Diphyllobothrium

Which cestode is noted as the longest tapeworm parasite to infect man?

Food-borne diseases

What type of diseases are most trematodes listed, except for Schistosoma?

Food-borne trematodes (FBTs)

What is the subclassification for most trematodes, indicating their mode of transmission?

Plasmodium

Which protozoan causes malarial disease?

Entamoeba histolytica

Which specific Entamoeba causes typical amoebiasis?

Mites

Which arthropods are microscopic organisms with 8 legs and are not insects?

All insects are arthropods

Is it true that all arthropods are insects, or all insects are arthropods?

Arthropods

Which is higher in the taxonomic chain, insects or arthropods?

Caterpillars, scorpions, spiders

Name three types of arthropods, besides insects, that are mentioned as potentially biting humans.

Definitive host

What type of host is also called the “final host”?

Definitive host

In what type of host does the parasite live off its adult and sexual maturity stages?

All parasites

How many parasites need to have a definitive host?

Intermediate host

In what type of host does the parasite live off its larval and asexual stages?

Flatworms: Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

In which major parasite classifications are intermediate hosts commonly seen?

Paratenic host

In what type of host does no further development of the parasite occur?

Paratenic host

Which type of host harbors the infective stage of the parasite and acts as a carrier organism before transmission?

Reservoir host

What type of host allows the parasite to continue any of its stages and acts as an additional source of human infection?

Pigs, Rats, Carabaos

Name three common reservoir hosts for human parasites, especially important for Schistosoma in agricultural countries like the Philippines.

Schistosoma

Which important human parasite utilizes pigs, rats, and carabaos as reservoir hosts?

Vectors

What is any organism responsible for transmitting parasitic infection from one host to another?

Mechanical and biological vectors

What are the two divisions of vectors?

Mechanical vectors

What type of parasite vectors show no development or changes in the life cycle stage during transit?

Biological vectors

What type of organism transmits the parasite inside of it, and the parasite undergoes further development during transit?

Fomites

What are inanimate objects that can carry and spread disease and infectious agents?

Living organisms

What differentiates vectors from fomites in terms of their fundamental nature?

Infective Stage

What component of the parasite life cycle is the stage that enables the parasite to infect man?

Embryonated egg

What is the infective stage of Ascaris?

Cannot infect humans

What is stated about the larval stage and adult stage of Ascaris in terms of infecting humans?

Diagnostic Stage

What component of the parasite life cycle is usually identified to confirm the presence of a parasitic infection?

Egg/ova in the stool sample

What is the diagnostic stage for Ascaris?

Egg/Ova

What is the most common infective stage of worms (helminthes)?

Embryonated egg/ova

What specific state of helminth eggs is mostly the infective stage?

Larva

Besides eggs, what other stage can some helminthes use to infect humans?

Rhabditiform

What is the feeding form of larva?

Filariform

What is the aggressive form of larva, which in most cases is actually the infective stage of helminthes that infect humans through larva?

Cercaria and Metacercaria

What are the two special kinds of larvae that flukes (trematodes) use to infect humans?

Metacercaria

Which of the fluke larvae (Cercaria or Metacercaria) is specifically mentioned as the infective stage?