Understanding Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts on metabolism, ATP, glycolysis, and mitochondrial structure and function, designed to facilitate learning and preparation for the upcoming exam.

Metabolism is defined as __.

A network of integrated and carefully regulated metabolic pathways.

The two broad categories of metabolic pathways are and .

Anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Anabolic pathways primarily __ cellular components.

Produce.

A common analogy used to explain anabolic pathways is __.

Building with Legos.

Entropy refers to __.

Disorder.

Anabolic pathways are often __ reactions.

Endergonic.

In terms of entropy, anabolic reactions __ entropy.

Decrease.

Catabolic pathways are responsible for __ cellular components.

Breaking down.

The process of breaking down cellular components in catabolic pathways is an __ reaction.

Exergonic.

ATP stands for __.

Adenosine triphosphate.

The energy of ATP is primarily stored in __ bonds.

Phosphoanhydride bonds.

The hydrolysis of ATP releases __ kilocalories per mole of free energy.

7.3.

ADP stands for __.

Adenosine diphosphate.

When ATP is hydrolyzed, it loses its __ phosphate group.

Terminal.

Hydrolysis of ATP is a __ reaction.

Hydrolysis.

The main energy currency of the cell is __.

ATP.

Glycolysis is an __ process.

Anaerobic.

If oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted into __.

Acetyl CoA.

In the absence of oxygen, animals convert pyruvate into __.

Lactate.

The term chemiosmotic coupling refers to the link between and .

Chemical processes and osmosis.

The inner mitochondrial membrane has structures called __.

Cristae.

The entire process of cellular respiration can yield up to __ ATP molecules from one glucose molecule.

36.

The electron transport chain occurs in the __.

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Mitochondria are often referred to as the __ of the cell.

Powerhouse.

Oxygen serves as the __ in cellular respiration.

Terminal electron acceptor.

Oxidative phosphorylation involves the use of __ to generate ATP.

Oxygen.

When ADP is converted to ATP, it requires __ kilocalories of energy.

7.3.

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of __.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

The initial phase of glycolysis requires the investment of __ ATP.

2.

Pyruvate is eventually used in either respiration or respiration.

Aerobic; anaerobic.

The mitochondrial matrix contains __ DNA.

Mitochondrial.

Mitochondria can fuse together through proteins called __.

Mitofusins.

The process of mitochondrial division is known as __.

Fission.

The process of combining mitochondria is called __.

Fusion.

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is crucial for __.

Mitochondrial fission.

The mitochondria's role in calcium storage makes them a __ site.

Secondary.

The outer mitochondrial membrane has proteins that allow small molecules to pass through, known as __.

VDAC.

The mitochondrial ribosome is involved in __ synthesis.

Protein.

What proteins help import other proteins into mitochondria?

TOM and TIM.

The electrochemical gradient in mitochondria is primarily driven by __.

Hydrogen ions.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is often implicated in __ diseases.

Neurodegenerative.

The measurement of membrane potential in the inner mitochondrial membrane is based on the __ of ions.

Net flow.

The adenine nucleotide translocator transports __ in exchange for ATP.

ADP.

Glycolysis produces a net total of __ ATP.

2.

Fermentation in yeast produces __ in the absence of oxygen.

Ethanol.

The primary output of the citric acid cycle is __.

NADH.

The energy released from electron transport is harnessed to produce __.

ATP.

During cellular respiration, pyruvate is converted to __ if oxygen is present.

Acetyl CoA.

In oxidative phosphorylation, the terminal electron acceptor is __.

Oxygen.

The major function of the cristae in mitochondria is to increase surface area for __.

ATP synthesis.

In terms of structure, ATP can be described as consisting of adenosine and three __ groups.

Phosphate.

Each metabolic pathway is carefully __ and regulated.

Integrated.

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the __ parent.

Maternal.

What is produced when electrons from NADH are used in the electron transport chain?

Water.

In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria took part in the theory of __.

Endosymbiosis.

Mitochondrial functions include ATP production and __ homeostasis.

Calcium.

Hydrolysis of ATP results in the formation of __ and inorganic phosphate.

ADP.

The process of using energy of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane is part of __.

Chemiosmosis.

The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes for the __ cycle.

Citric acid.

The ability of mitochondria to change shape is referred to as __ dynamics.

Mitochondrial.

The opening of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane is facilitated by __ proteins.

VDAC.

The integration of different metabolic pathways is crucial for maintaining __ balance within a cell.

Energy.

What process links the use of oxygen to ATP production?

Oxidative phosphorylation.

The citric acid cycle generates __ from the oxidation of acetyl CoA.

Reduced coenzymes.

Energy from oxidation reactions in mitochondria is crucial for the production of __.

ATP.

The cristae membranes are where the __ transport chain proteins reside.

Electron.

Mitochondria participate in the regulation of __ signaling.

Calcium.

Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to metabolic __.

Diseases.

ER contacts with mitochondria help in the process of __ and fusion.

Fission.

Mitochondria contain __ ribosomes different from cytosolic ribosomes.

Unique.

Mitochondrial production of ATP occurs via __ mechanisms.

Electrochemical.

What kind of reactions do catabolic pathways feature?

Energy-releasing.

Mitochondrial fission is regulated by the __ protein.

Dynamin.

ATP is important for cellular __.

Work.

The unique aspects of mitochondrial DNA suggest a __ ancestry.

Bacterial.

The mitochondria act as a sensor for changes in __ within cells.

Metabolic states.

Increased production of ATP occurs when cells undergo __ respiration.

Aerobic.

The processes of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain generate energy in the form of __.

ATP.

ATP synthase works by facilitating the flow of __ ions into the mitochondrial matrix.

Hydrogen.

Cellular respiration efficiency decreases due to mitochondrial __.

Impairment.

The interactions of mitochondria with other organelles like the ER contribute to __ management.

Stress.