Geology 1403

Mesosaurus

(Blank) was an ancient reptile that lived in South America and Africa during the late Palezoic.

Alfred Wegener

In the early part of the 20th century,(Blank) argued forcefully for continental drift.

Pangaea

The former late Paleozoic super continent is known as (Blank).

Antarctica

Today,(Blank) is in about the same geographic position as during Paleozoic time.

tillities(rocks formed by glaciers) in South Africa and South America

Which of the following paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic supercontinent in the Southern Hemishere?

divergent

Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a (Blank) plate boundary.

Curie point

The temperature below which a magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the (Blank).

hot spot

A very long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a (Blank).

normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parellel to the ridge

Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as (Blank).

Red Sea

The (Blank) is (are) a logical revolutionary analog of the African Rift Valleys ten million years from now.

2 centimeters per year

A typical rate of a seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is (Blank).

export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere

Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?

identify a mechanism capable of moving continents

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not (Blank).

changes in the Moon's orbit due to shifting plates

All of the following are evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics except for (Blank).

Islands of Precambrian rocks along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(Blank) was never proposed as evidence supporting the existence of Pangaea.

shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate

Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands?

zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage

Which of the following statements apply to the asthenosphere, but not the lithosphere?

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at (Blank).

subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

Cooler,older,oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at (Blank).

sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone

Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for (Blank).

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

A transform plate boundary is characterized by (Blank).

Earth's diameter has been essentially constant over time

Which one of the following is an important fundamental assumption underlying the plate tectonic theory?

a rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate

The modern-day Red Sea is explained by plate tectonics theory because it is (Blank).

young, active stratovolcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere

Mount St. Helen and the other Cascade volcanoes are (Blank).

continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate

The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a (Blank).

convergent boumdary on a volcanic are above a northward-subducting Pacific plate

The Aleutian Islands occur at a (Blank).

Lines of earthquake epicenters

(Blank) most effectively outline the edges of the lithospheric plates.

Pacific

Deep-oceanic trenches are most abundant around the rim of the (Blank) ocean basin.

oceanic side of the Aleutian trench

Where would you drill to recover samples of the oldest basalts of the oceanic crust, which are Jurassic in age?

Vine and Matthews

(Blank) first related the symmetrical magnetic patterns in seafloor basalts to seafloor spreading at a mid-ocean ridge.

the ocean basins are relatively young;most ocean basin rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or younger in age.

Early results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project clearly justified the conclusion that (Blank).

plates are moving apart from one another

divergent

plates are sliding past one another horizontally

transform

This boundary is normally devoid of volcanism

transform

where lithosphere is sinking into the mantle

convergent

characterized by basaltic volcanism and seafloor spreading

divergent

characterized by arcs of stratovolcanoes and deep-ocean trenches

convergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

divergent

where subduction zones occur

convergent

The San Andreas fault

transform

The weast coast of South America

convergent

In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive,internal structure;a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?

selectron

Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?

protons in the nucleus

Atoms of the same element,zinc for example, have the same number of (Blank).

ions

Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called (Blank).

The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.

Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?

diamond

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

calcite

Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

quartz

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

feldspar

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

A cubic centimeter of quartz,olivine, and gold weighs 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that (Blank).

micas

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?

four oxygen ions

The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by (Blank).

hardness

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as (Blank).

silicon,oxygen

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

halite

Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room tempature conditions?

oxygen

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

cleavage

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth,parallel planes is known as (Blank).

7

An atom's mass number is 13,and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

They can be a liquid,solid, or glass.

Which one of the following is not true for minerals?

silicates

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?

protons

Which of the following denotes the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?

gold

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?

luster

Which of following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?

color

The most unreliable(variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is (Blank).

carbon

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in Earth's crust?

reserves

Mineral deposits which have been identified and can be extracted profitably are called (Blank).

the extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow

Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?

highly viscous;cools quickly

Which magma is most likely to quench (congeal) to natural glass?

texture

The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as (Blank).

magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains

glassy

mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying

phaneritic

rock has two or more , distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains

porphyritic

a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains

aphanitic

vesicle

A (Blank) is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid.

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.

True

Basalt is the aphanitic or fine-grained equivalent of grabbo.

True

Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystalizing.

False

Plutonic rocks are intrusive and generally consist of mineral grains coarse enough to be readily visible in a hand sample.

True

In an igneous rock with a phaneritic texture, the mineral grains are visible to the unaided eye.

True

felsic

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result igneous rocks with a (Blank).

assimilation

Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as (Blank).

crystal size

All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma except for (Blank).

granite

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a (Blank).

rhyolitic tuff

Which of the following igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture?

olivine

Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?

Plagioclase

(Blank) is the dominant feldspar in basalt.

thins sections

Which of the following are used for studying rocks with a polarizing microscope?

Pegmatite

(Blank) is characterized by very coarse mineral grains?

Peridotite

(Blank) is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust?

phaneritic

A(n) (Blank) texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.

peridotite

Which igneous rock of magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content?

glassy texture

What do pumice and obsidian have in common?

the rock is crystalline;mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or microscope

Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?

phaneritic

A(n) (Blank) texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock.

Andesite

(Blank) is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South America.

Basalt

(Blank) is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland.

silica content

The property of a magma that determines whether or not it has viscosity:

olivine

This mineral tends to form first in Bowen's series:

andesite

Most stratovolcanoes tend to erupt: