terminologies in 7

glucose

A monosaccharide sugar that serves as the primary energy source for body cells

insulin

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and utilization

hexokinase

An enzyme present in most cells that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

glucokinase

A liver-specific enzyme that also converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate but is specific to hepatocytes

glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

A phosphorylated form of glucose, critical for entry into glycolysis or glycogenesis.g

glucose phosphate

An enzyme found in liver cells that reverses G6P to free glucose, especially during low blood sugar.

glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose, especially when blood sugar levels are low.

phosphorylase

The enzyme that initiates glycogenolysis. It is activated by glucagon and epinephrine.gluca

glucagon

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that increases blood sugar by activating glycogenolysis.

epinephrine

hormone from the adrenal medulla that activates phosphorylase via cyclic AMP, aiding in glucose release

glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

pyruvic acid (PA)

The end product of glycolysis; serves as a precursor for Acetyl-CoA in aerobic respiration.

acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)

A key molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after conversion from pyruvic acid.

kreb cycle (citric acid cycle /TCA cycle)

A cyclic biochemical pathway in the mitochondrial matrix that generates ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂ from Acetyl-CoAelec

electron transport chain(ETC)

A mitochondrial process where electrons from NADH and FADH₂ help generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

The energy currency of the cell, produced through glucose metabolism and used in all cellular processes.

NAD / NADH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide: A coenzyme that carries electrons and hydrogen ions during glucose metabolism.

FAD / FADH2

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide: Another electron carrier in the Krebs cycle, also contributes to ATP production.

Chylomicron

Lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids (mainly triglycerides) from the intestine to the bloodstream via the lymphatic systemtrig

triglyceride

The most common form of stored fat, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

lipoprotein lipase

An enzyme in adipose and liver tissue that breaks down chylomicron triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

free fatty acid

Fat molecules released into the blood for energy production after triglyceride breakdown.

apoprotein B

A protein coating on chylomicrons that helps maintain their stability in circulation.