FINAL EXAM - Sustainable development

High carbon ecosystems

Anything that stores lots of carbon in the environment (forest, mangroves, peatlands - high carbon soil)

Edible landscaping

incorporates food-producing plants into residential landscape

Community supported agriculture (CSA)

a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the farmland becomes either legally inspirit the community farm - with the growers and consumers providing mutual support and sharing risks and benefits of food production

Agrotourism

Combines agriculture and tourism in urban areas. Allows people to experience farming and nature and learn about where their food comes from 

• Pick your own fruit, veggies, class trips, corn mazes, pumpkin patches

Environmental security program (ENS, INTERPOL)

Assisting member countries in enforcing national and international environmental laws - in environmental sources such as biodiversity, natural resources, and pollution crimes on a global scale

REDD+

Reducing admissions from deforestation and forest degradation, a project developed by the United Nations 

green washing

when companies appear to be more sustainable than they are 

Smart cities

uses technology and data to improve the quality of life, sustainability, and efficiency of urban opportunities, encompassing areas like smart mobility, infrastructure, and citizen engagement

(SNAP) supplemental nutrition assistance program

the largest nutritional program in the US providing monthly benefits to low-income individuals

Medicaid vs. Children’s Health Insurance Program

• Medicaid: provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals 

• Children's health insurance program: provided healthcare coverage to children in low-income families who do not qualify for Medicaid

Increased resource efficiency

using resources more effectively to maximize output and minimize waste - can lead to productivity, profitability, and improved project outcomes

Uganda’s senior citizen grant

offers a monthly payment to everyone 65 and older

Closed loop vs rice fish duck culture

• Closed-loop farming: is a self-sufficient system that intentionally prioritizes repurposing, reusing, and circular resources 

• Rice fish duck culture:  ducks and fish eat the pests that could impact the rice growth

wetland restoration

the process of changing the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics

gray water

wastewater from no-toilet plumbing sources

carbon tax

works by placing fees or taxes on greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels encouraging businesses and individuals to reduce emissions

US Energy Policy Act

addresses energy production in the US

desalination plants

facilities that remove salt and other impurities from seawater or brackish water to produce freshwater 

Organic farming

food that is grown and processed using so synthetic fertilizers or pesticides

• biofertilizer

Irrigation methods

• Flood irrigation 

• Sprinkler irrigation

• Drip-micro irrigation

types of agroforestry

• Alley cropping - trees alternating rows with crops 

• Silvopasture - trees give shade to the animals which helps them be productive (milk production, etc) 

• Forest farming - use existing forest location to grow crops

• Riparian forest buffers - plant trees next to a body of water

• Windbreaks - prevent damage to crops

climate action

Refers to efforts to combat climate change, encompassing both climate mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and climate adaption (preparing for and adjusting to the impacts of climate change) 

Sustainable Consumption

Minimizes environmental impact, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. This includes resource efficiency, waste reduction, and choosing products with lower environmental impacts 

Sustainable Production

Creating goods and services using processes that are environmentally friendly, resource, efficient, economically viable, and safe for workers communities, and consumers throughout the entire product life

Local food movement vs. food habit

• Local food movement: push to eat food that is grown and harvested nearby where it is purchased

• Food Habit: low-carbon diet 

Carbon neutral vs. carbon negtative

• Carbon neutral: this refers to achieving a balance where the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is offset by an equivalent amount being removed or prevented from being admitted 

• Carbon negative: this goes beyond carbon neutrality by actively removing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere then is emitted, resulting in a net negative carbon footprint

Sustainable urban development

the practice of designing and managing cities that meet the needs of the community without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 

Ecocities

A human settlement modeled on the self-sustaining resilient structure and function of natural ecosystems

Equal employment opportunity

everyone received fair and unbiased consideration in all aspects of employment

Social safety nets

Policies and programs designed to protect the volunterbale from poverty, inequality, and the impact of economic shocks 

Environmentally sound technologies

Technologies that protect the environment are less polluting and use resources sustainably recycle more waste and handle ridicule waste, in a more acceptable manner than the technologies they replace 

carbon capture and storage

Involves capturing emissions from power stations or industrial plants, compressing and transporting the gas through a pipe network, and injecting it into geosocial formations for storage

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

taking effect in 1994, aimed to create a free trade zone in North Americavy reducing and eliminating tariffs

The global march against child labor

a worldwide network for trade unit to elimite child labor

Permaculture (permanent agriculture)

Holistic agriculture, which is designed to imitate natural ecosystems to achieve sustainability and efficiency 

Agroforestry

The intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems to create environmental, economic, and social benefits

• Benefits: increase crop yield, and habitat for pollinators, build soil health, sequester carbon, create microclimates

Integrated farming

 combines multiple crops and enterprises on a single farm.

Three sisters companion planting:

corn planted in the center of squash, pests that are dependent on crops get confused

Genetically midfield organisms (GMO)

A  plant, animal, or microorganism that has had its genetic material (DNA) using technology that generally involves the specific modification of DNA, including the transfer of specific DAN from one organism to another (genetic engineering) 

• There are only 10 GMO crops approved to be grown in the US

Aquaculture

the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water ecosystems

Live stock grazing (three methods)

• Continuous grazing: livestock graze freely in large pastures resulting in uneven pasture use (not good)

• Simple rotational grazing: livestock are moved between a few smaller pastures, allowing for more pasture regrowth

• Management intensive rotational grazing: livestock are moved between many pastures, allowing for optimal pasture use and regrowth

Hydroponics vs aquaponics

• Hydroponics: soilless farming that utilizes nutrient-rich water (nutrient solution) to provide plants with all they need for growth and development. Generally, an inorganic system and nutrients enter the system as soluble fertilizer

• Auquapoics: the combination of aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (the soilless growing of plants

  • Aquaculutre + Hydroponics = Aquaponics

Vertical farming

The agricultural process in which crops are grown on top of each other, rather than traditionally horizontal rows 

• Results in higher crop yield per square foot of land use \

• Mainly located indoors in warehouses which have the ability to control the environmental conditions for plants to succeed

Urban Agriculture

Growing, processing, and distributing food-related crops and raised livestock/poultry directly for the urban market both within and on the fringe of urban areas 

Food Mile

the distance food travels from the location where it is grown to the location where it is consumed

Food Deserts

geographical areas (neighborhoods) where residents' access to affordable, healthy food options is restricted or nonexistent due to the absence of grocery stores within convenient traveling distance

Cold storage

Keeps food at a low temperature, slows down the metabolic rate of microorganisms, slowing down the process that causes goods to spoil (enzyme reactions, oxidation, light exposure)

Resistant varieties

bred or genetically engineered to be resistant to pests, diseases, etc 

Universal healthcare system

Provide all residents of a country or region with access to quality, affordable healthcare services without financial hardship `

Nitrification process

ammonia → nitrite → nitrate (done by bacteria)

Clean energy

 is energy that comes from renewable sources that don't emit greenhouse gases or pollute the atmosphere

The International labour organization

 setting labor standards and developing policies

Allience 8.7

A global partnership to assist the UN member staters to end child labor, forced labor, human trafficking and modern slavery by 2030

Eutrophication

the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a