Important Info

tumor necrosis factors

bind to cancerous cells to kill them

4_1s rule

reject when 4 consecutive controls exceed the mean ± 1sd

what is the inheritance pattern of HLA and Xga blood group system

Xga: X-linked dominant, so female passes to 50% of daughters and male would 100% pass it

HLA: codominant

what information is required on a completed laboratory report

patient’s name, DOB, other unique ID number, gender, collection date and time, time in and time out, correct units, result, age-approproate reference range, pertinent clinical info, name and address of testing lab, ordering physicians name, lab directors name, and testing tech initials

transforming growth factor (TGFs)

control proliferation and differentiation of cells

accuracy

the closeness to the target value (the mean)direct fluorescent antibody test

direct fluorescent antibody test

patient antigen is applied to a slide and a fluorescent-labeled antibody attaches

1_3s rule

reject when 1 control observation exceeds mean ± 3sd limit

resolution equation

(0.612 x wavelength (λ))/numerical aperture = resolution (microns)

precision

the ability to reproduce or repeat a test so you get the same answer

1_2s rule

a warning when 1 control observation exceeds (is outside of) the mean ± 2sd limit

interleukins (ILs)

help communicate between leukocytes and non-leukocytes in plasma, promote the development of differentiation of T and B cells and activate T-helper cells and promote inflammatory responses and fever

10_x rule

reject when 10 consecutive control obserations fall above or below one side of the mean

aldosterone comes from the

adrenal cortex

colony stimulating factor (CSFs)

bind to surface receptors on hematopoietic stem cells and help in proliferation and differentiation

when blood pressure is high, what happens to sodium, water, and potassium

sodium and water get excreted

potassium is retained

when is ADH released by the posterior pitutary gland

when blood pressure in low (body will retain sodium and water and excrete out potassium)

a DAT involves what

RBCs and AHG

what is the significance of elevated levels of microalbumin

elevated levels of microalbumin show increased glomerular permeability (which allows more to get through), which could lead to end-stage renal disease

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

a form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids (ketones) accumulate when insulin isn’t available

what is the homeostatic range for blood glucose

70 to 110 mg/dL

what can cause sensitization of RBCs in vivo with the DAT test

hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn

hemolytic trasnfusion reaction

autoimmune induced hemolytic anemia

drug-related hemolytic anemia

does glucagon inhibit or promote glycolysis

inhibits

type 1 glycogen storage disorder

the accumulation of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

what causes type 1 glycogen storage disorder

a glucose-6-phosphate deficiency

3 hour GTT mg/dL per hour

fasting : ≥95 mg/dL

1 hr ≥180 mg/dL

2 hr ≥155 mg/dL

3 hr ≥140 mg/dL

if 2 out of 4 are observed person has GDM

a person can be diagnosed with whiple’s triad if

they have low blood glucose, classic symptoms of hypoglycemia, and have a relief of symptoms after plasma glucose level is raised

glucose disorder with 100-125 mg/dL

prediabetes for fasting glucose

does glucagon inhibit or promote glycogenolysis

promotes

insulin promotes or inhibits glycolysis

promotes

what are the four globin chain combinations for the four types of fetal hemoglobin

2 zeta 2 epsilon (Gower I), 2 zeta 2 gamma (Portland’s), 2 alpha 2 epsilon (Gower II), and 2 alpha 2 gamma (Hgb F)

IAT involves what

RBCs and IgG

what are the four types of globin chains for the four types of adult hemoglobin

2 alpha 2 beta (Hgb A), 2 alpha 2 beta-NH-glucose (Hgb A1c), 2 alpha 2 delta (Hgb A2), and 2 alpha 2 gamma (Hgb F)

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome

serious complication of type 2 DM where blood glucose levels are too high for a long period of time

what are five examples of what can cause a right (blue) shift in the ODC

low pH (acidic), increased CO2, high temp, high BPG, and Low O2 affinity Hb variants

CSF glucose levels

60% of serum or plasma level

insulin promotes or inhibits gluconeogenesis

inhibits

what are the implications of a right (blue) shift in the ODC

reduced oxygen affinity in the red cell and increased oxygen delivery to the tissues

2 hr GTT mg/dL per hour

fasting - ≥92 mg/dL

1 hr - ≥180 mg/dL

2 hr - ≥153 mg/dL

diagnosis made if 1 out of 3 is observed

what are the best lab tests currently available to detect mild to moderate glomerular damage

glomerular clearance tests

what are the components of the wright stain

methylene blue, eosin, and glycerin

diabetes insipidus

body can’t regulate its fluid properly because the body or kidneys don’t produce enough ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

__________ reagent is recommended for enteribacterales for tube indole

kovac’s

citrate test principle

if organism can use citrate then ammonium hydroxide will be formed which is visualized by a blue color

why is Hgb effected by leukocytosis

the increased WBC count causes turbity which increases Hgb

what conditions are giant platelets associated with

thrombocytopenia, myelofibrosis, CML, and bernard - soulier syndrome

conditions associated with increased BUN levels

any disorder where there’s excessive portein breakdown (febrile illnesses, dehydration, corticosteroid or tertracycline therapy, or absorption of blood from the GI tract during GI bleeds and in the prescence of elevated thyroid hormones)

high protein diets/large ingestions of proteins

pregnancy (due to increased GRF)

hektoen inhibits

gram positive organisms

what happens to RBCs if the stain is too acidic

they look like stomtocytes

if glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermented on triple sugar iron agar (TSI) then the tube shows

A/(A) (yellow, acidic/yellow, acidic with gas produced)

where does urea (BUN - blood urea nitrogen) originate

it is synthesized in the liver

severe hypoproteinemia (>2.5 g/day)

hematuria

severe edema/weight gain/hypertension (losing fluid in BV)

hyperlipidemia/oval fat bodies/lipiduria

hyponatremia (Na⁺ seems low b/c of high water retention)

vision problems

lab values for nephrotic syndrome

what does chloride do for the body

regulates body fluid balance, maintains blood pressure, helps nerves and muscles function, and is crucial for digestion by forming stomach acid, and works with Na and K to regulate pH of the body

conditions associated with decreased chloride (hypochloremia)

prolonged vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, and diuretic use/abuse

conditions associated with elliptocytes

hereditary elliptocytosis and iron deficiency anemia

Which diego antibody can cause HTR or HDFN

Anti-Di^a

medical conditions associated with microcytes

microcytic anemia

oliguria (some cases anuria) and azotemia

clinical symptoms of acute renal failure

do you start with the 5 drop method of the 2 drop method for the clinitest

5 drop, only do 2 drop if the pass through effect occurs

conditions associated with codocytes

hemoglobinopathies, thalassemia’s iron deficiency anemia, splenectomy, and obstructive liver disease

heinz bodies are made from

denatured hemeglobin

CIN

yersinia selective agar

what transmits ehrlichiosis

the bite of an infected tick

glomerulus, post-streptococcal damage, acute kidney infections, systemic autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivity reactions to medications

causes of acute glomerular nephritis (autoimmune)

yersinia enterocolitica is motile at

25-32C

medical conditions associated with anisocytosis

blood transfusions

normal range for neutrophils

2500-7000/μl

pre-renal uremia, high protein intake in the diet or GI tract hemmerrhage

increased BUN:creatinine ratios with normal creatinine levels are associated with (ex: 30:1)

glomerular nephritis is the most common cause of

chronic renal failure requiring dialysis or renal transplantation

consequences of nephrotic syndome

glomerular membrane progressivly thickens to the point where there’s little glomerular filtration causing renal failure

normal range for lymphocytes

1000-4000/μl

S/S: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, chils after ingestion of oraganism

can be a carrier

not normal flora, always pathogenic

Salmonella

when preforming a RBC count, how many squares are generally counted in the centermost square

five, the four corners and the center squares

what are some abnormalities in peripheral stains caused by too alkline of a stain

causes RBCs to become crenated (puckers) and look like echinocytes (burr cells)

anything that would cause a build up of acids, uremia (urine in the blood), lactic acidosis (lack of O₂ in tissues or lots of exercise), ketoacidosis (too many ketones), ingestion of toxic substances, large doses of antibiotics (breakdown into acidic byproducts), increased net protein charge (protein levels off, albumin is low, causes imbalance)

causes of an increased anion gap

azotemia

the retention of nitrogen containing products in the blood that should be filtered out (75%-80% of kidney lost)

how to differentiate citrobacter koseri and freundii with H₂S

koseri is H₂S negative

freundii is H₂S positive

diabetic nephropathy and exposure to toxins

causes of acute glomerular nephritis (non-autoimmune)

normocytic

aldosterone originates in the

adrenal glands

diminihsed GFR

low urine volume

high cholesterol/triglycerides in the blood

low plasma levels of total protein and albumin

urinalysis shows 4+ proteinuria

hematuria

oval fat bodies and fatty casts in urine

lab results of diabetic nephropathy

what is the most common type of kidney stone found

calcium oxalate

what is the range for RDW

11.5-14.5%

E. coli is indole

positive

addison’s disease

(hypocortisolism) the adrenal glands are not porducing enough of the hormone cortisol

conditions associated with decreased BUN levels

cirrhosis of the liver

plasma and urine sodium and potassium levels for cushing’s disease

plasma Na⁺: increased (keeping Na⁺, water follows)

plasma K⁺: decreased (opposite of Na⁺)

urine Na⁺: decreased

urine K⁺: increased (being excreted)

if only glucose is fermented on triple sugar iron agar (TSI) then the tube shows

K/A (red, alkaline/yellow, acidic)

if hektoen is alkaline it’ll stay ___________ and if there’s a change in acidity the color will change to ___________________

green, yellow-salmon

enterobacterales are _______________ for the oxidase test with the exception of plesiomonas

negative

relative range for lymphocytes

20-40%

what are the alternate methods used to estimate the creatinine clearance in pediatric pateints

the schwarz formula (k x height)/creatinine

what type of anemias would hypersegmentation be in

megaloblastic anemias

conditions associated with stomatocytes

acute alocholism (screwdrivers), hereditary stomatocytosis, liver disease, corrhosis, hemolytic anemia, and artifact if staining is too acidic

relative range for monocytes

1-10%

gout

a disease where deposits of urates are deposited in body fluids

conn’s syndrome, cushing’s disease, diabetes insipidus, dehydration, extensive burns, excessive sweating w/o fluid replacement, dehydration due decreased water intake

same as hypernatremia but to lesser extent

conditions associated with increased chloride (hyperchloremia)

where does uric acid orginate

produced from the netural cellular breakdown in the body and some from the brekadown of dietary purines

plasma and urine sodium and potassium levels for diabetes insipidus

plasma Na⁺: increased (not retaining water so not retaining Na⁺)

plasma K⁺: increased

urine Na⁺: normal (problem in the blood not urine)

urine K⁺: normal (problem in the blood not urine)

what is the platelet estimation equation

{# of platelets in 10 fields/10 × 15} - 20