Sectionalism and Westward Expansion

8th grade honors SS

Washington’s Farewell Address

After two terms, President Washington announced he wouldn’t seek reelection. He stressed that America must stay united and avoid political parties that would tear the nation apart.

Two Party System. Thomas Jefferson & Alexander Hamiltoon created it.

America didn’t listen to Washington's Farewell Address. Who created _____________________

Thomas Jefferson

3rd president; negotiated the Louisiana Purchase; free trade continued with Europe.

Sectionalism

Division caused by loyalty to interests of your own region as opposed to your whole nation.

Revolution of 1800

First time in US history that the federal government moved from one party to another.

Impressment

Capturing U.S. merchant ships and forcing American sailors to join the British royal navy.

Congressional “War Hawks”

Congressional men who pushed for war with Great Britain.

War of 1812

Congressional “War Hawks”, like John C. Calhoun of SC, argued only war would end British aggression and imprisonment. This led to the 2nd war with Great Britain. No clear winner.

Nationalism

Pride in one's country.

1st Industrial Revolution

When America realized they could not rely on foreign industry. Shifted focus to manufacturing and industry.

Manufacturing

To make something.

Infrastructure

Basic structures and faculties that allow society to operate.

The American System

Like building canals, railroads, The Iron Horse, and State Roads. Created new infrastructure. Technological innovations improved communication, transportation, agriculture, and trade.

National Market

Creating a _______ through infrastructure which led to an economic boom. However, each region's economic specialization created sectionalization tensions in congress.

Market Revolution

Transportation, communication, agriculture, Northern economy, Western economy, and Southern economy.

Antebellum

50 year period prior to the civil war (1861.) Defined by an explosion of cotton and slavery.

Textile mills

Cloth factories. High demand for Southern cotton.

Cotton gin created by Eli Whitney.

Invented by who in 1793? It changed everything in SC Upcountry. The sharp seeds in their short-staple cotton could now be easily removed.

Compromise of 1808 (SC)

Agreement of the Lowcountry and Upcountry to unit due to both growing cotton and using enslaved labor.

“King Cotton”

Used to describe the economical and political importance of cotton to the south.

Manifest Destiny

America's perceived God-given right to acquire all land in the West, spreading democracy and capitalism.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the union and pushed forward Manifest Destiny domestic policies.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Sacagawea helped. They were sent by Jefferson to explore the territory, claim land, and establish trade with natives. The impact it had was that they created a Northwest passage for future expansion.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Impact: In exchange for an official Western border with Spain, the U.S got possession of Florida to finalize the East coast.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Northern and southern states in Congress constantly argued whether or not each land acquisition would become a Free State or Slave State. Missouri (slave) & Maine (free) were then added to the union. Solved no problems & would soon prove to be ineffective.

Texas Annexation

American settlers moved to Mexican Texas for cheap land. Mexico banned slavery, sparking the Texas Revolution and independence. The U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, provoking Mexico's anger. A border dispute led to troops entering contested land. This military standoff officially triggered the Mexican American War.

Oregon Treaty

Finalized the Northern border at the 49th parallel in 1846.

Mexican Cession

Mexican Cession (surrender) to the U.S. Impact: We gain 500,000 sq/mi of land.

Transcontinental Railroad

Train track that connected the U.S. coast to coast.

Parallel line what coordinates?

36’30’’

Above the line

Free states.

Below the line

Slave states.