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Plate Tectonics
The theory explaining the movement of the Earth's plates and how they cause geological phenomena.
Divergent Plate Boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where plates move away from each other, creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.
Subduction
The process where one tectonic plate is forced under another, commonly occurring at convergent plate boundaries.
Asthenosphere
The solid, flexible outer layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere.
Soil Horizons
Layers of soil differentiated by their composition and characteristics, identified as O, A, B, and C.
Weathering
The breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments through physical, chemical, or biological processes.
Erosion
The transport of weathered rock fragments by natural forces such as wind and water.
Porosity
The amount of pore space within a soil that allows for the retention of water and air.
Coriolis Effect
The deflection of wind and ocean currents caused by the rotation of the Earth.
Albedo
The proportion of light that is reflected by a surface, influencing surface temperature.
El Niño
A climate pattern characterized by warmer ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, affecting global weather.
La Niña
A climate pattern characterized by cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, often leading to different weather patterns compared to El Niño.
Watershed
An area where water collects, often part of a river system, draining into a common outlet.
Soil Fertility
The ability of soil to support plant growth through nutrient availability and proper conditions.
Thermohaline Circulation
A large-scale ocean circulation driven by global density gradients created by differences in temperature and salinity.
