chapter 4

what do behaviorists like watson believe attachment is due to

reinforcement stimulus (food)

goslings experiment Lorenz

they didnt have a mom, he was around them a long time and ended up following him instead

harlows attachment experiment

Separated monkeys from their mothers at birth, raised them in cages with monkey doll mothers

results of Harry Harlow attachment experiment

need for affection is greater than need for food

Bowlby’s take on attachment

a primary attachment figure is crucial for development

proximity-seeking behavior

Seeking closeness to an attachment figure when experiencing a survival threat or distress in order to feel safe and protected.

preattachment phase

social smile (babies will smile at any one)

attachment in the making

The stage when an infant begins forming a bond with a caregiver and prefers familiar people, but does not yet strongly prefer one specific attachment figure.

focused attachment

7-8 months

separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, social referencing

strange situation by Mary Ainsworth

A procedure used to assess attachment styles in infants by observing how they respond to separation from and reunion with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment.

secure attachment

secure home base, enjoyed return of caregiver

avoidant attachment

detached and indifferent upon caregivers return

anxious- ambivalent attachment

clingy, fear of exploration, contradictory emotions upon caregivers return (mad they left but happy they’re back)

disorganized attachment

bizarre behaviors- may freeze, flee or look frightened

synchrony

caregiver + infant responding to each other in a sensitive, attuned way

which attachment is more socially competent

secure attachment

which attachment causes adult trouble managing emotions and interpersonal relationships

insecure

which attachment makes kids end up as diliquents

disorganized

MEN vs women with children

lower on empathy, more involved in the playing aspect, related to self control and focus at school

poverty in children

53% above poverty line

23% near poor

24% poor

physical impacts of poverty

elevated stress hormones, more illness, food insecurity

educational impacts of poverty

lower amount of enrichment activities (museums, etc.), lower HS graduation rates

how much time for a child is suggested in day care

40 hrs or less a week

erikson’s trust vs mistrust stage

babies trust is towards a loving a secure parent, babies mistrust is towards neglectful and ignorant parents

Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?

Children develop independence and self-control by doing things on their own. Too much criticism or restriction can lead to shame and doubt.

socialization

child slowly learns the norms of society and to behave in socially appropriate ways

how many middle class european american toddlers are inhibited and shy

1 in 5

exuberance

active, little fear, high motion

parents may try power assertion