BIO MOLECULES EXAM, p.s you got this

science

is the orderly process of posing and answering questions about the natural world though repeated and unbiased experiments and observations.

hypothesis

a statement that clearly states the relationship between biological variables.

null hypothesis

it states there is no difference.

scientific method

effective for research and problem solving

treatments

the level in experiments, glucose, protein and control

Treatment variable

tested by the type of food (protein, sugars)

Response variable

CO2 production that inddicates yeast growth

Controls

verify that the biological response we measure is a functions of the variable being investigated? nothing else

replications

repeated measures of each treatment under the same conditions

Range

the highest & lowest values in a set of replicates

standard deviation

informative measure of variation

significantly different

differences between means must be due to the treatment

accuracy

measurement that is close to true/correct value

precision

measurement refers to how close one another in a series of measurements

Meniscus

the interface of air & water, surface tension and the adhesion of water to the sides of the cylinder.

mean

the arithermic average of a group of measurement

median

smallest to largest, the middle value that diviswa the set to two equal size

sum of squared deviation

variance

sum of square deviation / N-1

Deviation

squared variance, just square the answer from SD

light microscope

a coordinated system of lenses arranged to produce an enlarged focusable image of a specimen

magnifies

it increases its apparent size

contrast

differences between the lightest and darkest parts of an image

condenser lens

located immediately below the specimen

condeser its diaphram

Khurled ring or lever that can be opened and closed to regulate the amount of light reaching the spicemen.

ocular

the lens that you look through

monocular

one ocular microscopes

binocular

two microscopes

Body tube

metal casing through which light passes to the oculars

stage

secures the glass side on which the specimen is mourried

field of view

the area that you can see through the ocular and objective

micrometers

field of view measurements

ocular micrometers

small glass disk with thin lines numbered and etched in a row

stage micrometers

calibrate the ocular micrometer by comparing its lines to those lines on a standard ruler

dissecting microscopes

offers some advantages over a compound microscope

working distance

the distance between the adjective lens and specimen

cytology

study of cellular structure and function

prokaryotes

bacteria & cyanobacteria

organelles

organized structures of macromolecules having specialized functions

cytoplasm

inside the plasma membrane, the liquid

Pili / flagellum

locomotion/ movement and attatchment to bacteria

ribosomes

synthesizes protein

plasma membrane

before cell wall

cyanobacteria

largest prokaryotes

thylalioids

the pigments held in photosynthetic membranes

nucilaginous sheath

to photosynthesize made them th primary contributers to the early oxygenatopn of the ancient earth’s atmosphere

nuclei

eukaryotic cells membrane - bound

cytoplasm

forms the matrix of the cells & contained by the plasma

chloroplasts

elipitical green organelles in plant cells

mitochondria

organelles found in plants & animal cells

protoplast

material & organelles contained by the plasma membranes

middle lanella

substance holding walls of two adjacent cells together.

Plasmadesmata

penetrate cell wall

stained

adding a dye that preferentially colors same parts of the specimen

cristae

inner membrane

plastids

organelles where food is made and stored

amoeboid movement

occurs by pseudopodia

Pseudopodia

temporary protrusions of the cell

contractile vacuole

accumalates and expels water & waste products