Lecture 02 - Organelles, Homeostasis, Entropy Scientific Method

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes; function: protein synthesis

Smooth ER

Synthesis and storage of lipids

Mitochondria

participate in the chemical processes that transfer energy from the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to newly created ATP molecules

Homeostasis

a way to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival

Enzymes

biological catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, decreasing the rate of reaction

Anabolism

set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units; require energy

Catabolism

set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in anabolic reactions

cellular respiration

cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

levels of organization in human body:

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

scientific method

identify the problem, gather data, make a hypothesis, test the hypothesis (experiment), does the new data agree?

falsifiability

testability

correlation

statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together

positive correlation indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in parallel

cohort studies

involve following groups of people over time

prospective studies

follows participants forward in time, collecting data on both exposures and outcomes as they happen

retrospective studies

the investigator defines the sample and collects PAST data about the predictor variables