BIO 202 Blood & Genetics

plasma

• largest component of blood (55%)

• light yellow

• transport = main function

formed elements

• can observe structures under a microscope (45%)

• includes RBCs, WBCs, platelets

erythrocytes

• red blood cells

• most prevalent formed element

• no organelles or nucleus

• carries oxygen via hemoglobin

leukocytes

• white blood cells

• can be granulocyte (with cytoplasmic granules) or agranulocyte (w/o)

granulocytes

• with cytoplasmic granules

• basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

agranulocytes

• without cytoplasmic granules

• lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages

platelets

• fragments, not cells

• known as thrombocytes

• no nucleus

• contribute to hemostasis, to stop bleeding

• release thromboplastin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin and surrounds blood cells to form a clot

serum

plasma without clotting factors

hematocrit

percentage of a tested blood volume that is composed of RBCs

• for adult females: 37-47%

• for adult males: 43-52%

hemoglobin

protein that carries oxygen

• normal concentration in females: 12-16 g/dL

• normal concentration in males: 13-18 g/dL

lymphocyte

• 20-25% of leukocytes

• directs immune functions

• agranulocyte

• 2nd most abundant

• nucleus spheroid

• cytoplasm is scarce and stained pale blue

• destroys foreign, infected, or cancerous cells

• provides future protection through immunity memory

neutrophil

• most abundant leukocyte (60-70%)

• granulocyte

• neutralizes bacteria through phagocytosis or secreting lysozyme

• nucleus has 2-8 lobes

• horseshoe nucleus

eosinophil

• granulocyte

• bilobed nucleus

• fights allergic and antigen-antibody complexes

• fights parasitic infections

basophil

• granulocyte

• least abundant

• nucleus is large and bilobed

• secretion of histamine to increase blood flow by vasodilation

• rarest leukocyte

monocyte

• agranulocyte

• largest leukocyte

• nucleus indented and pale

• phagocytosis of debris, pathogens, and dead cells (neutrophils)

antigens

• molecules the body uses to see if something belongs or is foreign

• proteins on surface membranes of RBCs

  • designated by letters A and B

antibodies

• generated by the immune system to combat antigens

• bind to antigen and help immune system get rid of it

  • called anti-A or anti-B antibodies

  • found in blood plasma

  • responsible for agglutination in mismatched blood transfusions (stick to foreign antigens)

What antibodies in the plasma does Type A blood have?

Anti-B antibodies

What antibodies in the plasma does Type B blood have?

Anti-A antibodies

What antibodies in the plasma does Type AB blood have?

no antibodies

What antibodies in the plasma does Type O blood have?

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

What antigens in RBCs does Type A blood have?

A antigen

What antigens in RBCs does Type B blood have?

B antigen

What antigens in RBCs does Type AB blood have?

A and B antigens

What antigens in RBCs does Type O blood have?

no antigens

agglutination

• multiple erythrocytes join together due to mismatched blood

• can lead to thrombosis and embolisms

• blocked capillaris deprive tissue of oxygen leading to necrosis

What is the universal recipient?

AB Blood Type

• it lacks antibodies A and B

What is the universal donor?

O Blood Type

• it lacks both surface antigens

Rh group

• blood type is Rh+ if antigens are present on RBCs

• blood type is Rh- if antigens are not present on RBCs

• anti-D antibodies are not normally present in blood

  • form only in individuals exposed to Rh+ blood

erythrocyte

leukocyte

basophil

monocyte

eosinophil

neutrophil

lymphocyte

What antigens are present on a person’s red blood cells if they are type B-?

B antigen

What antigens are present on a person’s red blood cells if they are type O+?

Rh factor only

What antigens are present on a person’s red blood cells if they are type AB-?

A antigen, B antigen

What antigens are present on a person’s red blood cells if they are type A+?

A antigen, Rh factor

What antibodies are present in a person’s blood if they are type B+?

Anti-A antibodies

What antibodies are present in a person’s blood if they are type O+?

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

What antibodies are present in a person’s blood if they are type AB-?

N/A

What antibodies are present in a person’s blood if they are type A-?

Anti-B

What blood type does one have if they have anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibody?

O- blood type

who can type O+ donate and receive blood?

• donate to: A+, B+, AB+, O+

• receive from: O+ & O-

Who can type O- donate to and receive blood from?

• donate to: A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-. AB+, AB-

• receive from: O-

who can type A+ donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: A+, AB+

• receive from: A+, O+, O-, A-

who can type A- donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: A-, AB-, A+, AB+

• receive from: A-, O-

who can type B+ donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: B+, AB+

• receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-

who can type B- donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: B-, B+, AB+, AB-

• receive from: B-, O-

who can type AB+ donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: AB+

• receive from: AB+, AB-, A+, A-. B+, B-, O+, O-

who can type AB- donate and receive blood from?

• donate to: AB-, AB+

• receive from: AB-, O-, A-, B-