IB SL history test 2

What caused the fast population growth in European cities around 1900?

Industrialization and migration from rural farming areas.

How did the diversity of cities in Europe change by 1900?

Cities became more diverse as people from various cultures and backgrounds migrated for better opportunities.

What were the primary forms of entertainment in European cities in 1900?

Live music and theater performances, including street performances.

Describe the living conditions in tenements in European cities around 1900.

Tenements were tiny apartments with communal sinks and bathrooms, cheap but poorly sanitized.

What was the state of industrial activity in European cities in 1900?

High industrial activity with factories producing goods cheaply, but causing pollution and noise.

What types of public transportation were available in European cities in 1900?

Trains, early subways, and horse-drawn buggies.

What impact did factories have on job availability in European cities in 1900?

Factories created many jobs, including for white-collar workers using typewriters and fountain pens.

What technological innovations were prevalent in big cities in 1900?

Inventions like fountain pens, electric lighting, typewriters, and cheap paper.

What role did big department stores play in urban life in 1900?

They sold a wide variety of goods at lower prices than smaller stores.

What social issues were prevalent in European cities in 1900?

Urban crime and unrest increased due to rapid population growth.

What cultural activities were common in European cities in 1900?

Theaters, music performances, museums, bars, and cafes made cities cultural hubs.

What transportation innovations were found in big cities in 1900?

Railways and trams were significant innovations for urban transport.

How did daily life in the countryside change due to urban migration?

Many young people left for cities, leading to population decline in rural areas.

What challenges did rural life still face despite some advancements?

Heavy labor, weather dependency, limited education access, and poor living conditions persisted.

What was the trend in population growth in Europe around 1900?

The European population was growing rapidly due to advancements in medicine and science.

Which countries experienced slower population growth during this period?

Countries like Germany and France grew slowly due to nutritional issues affecting military and expansion.

What is the definition of war?

An organized and often prolonged conflict between groups, usually nations or states, involving armed force to achieve political, economic, or ideological goals.

How did warfare differ in ancient Greece compared to the 20th century?

Warfare in ancient Greece involved shorter campaigns, smaller battlefields, and fewer casualties, often focusing on destroying crops. In contrast, 20th-century warfare became more destructive and involved larger forces and advanced weaponry.

What has changed in the narrative of war stories over time?

Earlier narratives focused on heroism and nationalism, while modern accounts emphasize trauma, morality, and the human cost of war, influenced by greater media access.

What are some reasons nations go to war?

Power and control, territorial gain, resources, political ideology, independence, revenge, and defense.

What is total war?

A type of warfare where a country uses all its resources to conquer or occupy another, involving large forces, civilian involvement, and aiming for unconditional surrender. Examples include the Civil War and World War II.

What is limited war?

A war that is restricted in its conduct, including geographical area, number of participants, and types of targets. Examples include the Korean War and Vietnam War.

What are the characteristics of civil war?

A conflict fought within a single country between different groups, often involving total war and significant bitterness, typically over ethnic, religious, political, or ideological issues.

What is conventional warfare?

A type of warfare that uses traditional weapons and tactics in direct engagement with identified armed forces.

What is unconventional warfare?

A type of warfare that primarily uses guerrilla tactics, often supported by an outside force.

What is guerrilla warfare?

Non-conventional combat characterized by surprise attacks and ambushes, often used by smaller groups against larger forces.

What is a proxy war?

A conflict instigated by a major power that does not directly participate, using a third party to attack.

What is a siege?

A military operation involving the surrounding and blockading of a town, castle, fortress, or city.

What was the code of chivalry?

A medieval moral system followed by knights, focusing on honor, bravery, and respect, aimed at limiting cruelty and encouraging honorable combat.

What are the Geneva Conventions?

International treaties defining humanitarian treatment during war, first published in 1864 and expanded after WWII, created to protect soldiers, POWs, and civilians from unnecessary suffering.

What is the Just War Theory?

A doctrine that outlines the conditions necessary to declare war and conduct it ethically, including just cause, legitimate authority, last resort, and reasonable hope for success.

Who contributed to the development of Just War Theory?

Philosophers and theologians such as Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas.

What is the significance of the term 'jus ad bellum'?

It refers to the conditions under which it is justifiable to go to war, including being declared by a legitimate authority and having a just cause.

How has warfare evolved in the 21st century?

Warfare now includes cyber warfare, drones, AI, and information warfare, reflecting changes in technology and the interconnectedness of nations.

What is the role of strategy in warfare?

An overall plan of action designed to defeat the enemy, encompassing the tactics and methods used to achieve success.

What is the difference between cavalry and infantry?

Cavalry refers to soldiers who fought on horseback or in armored vehicles, while infantry are soldiers who fight on foot.

What is artillery?

Large caliber guns designed to launch munitions far beyond the range of infantry firearms.