China and Japan

Causes of imperialism

• Ports (Industrialization) page 399

• Territories provided natural resources

• Military advantages 

• Civilizing Mission

  • Social Darwinism was encouraged, and the idea that white people had a burden to teach people with different cultures how to live. 

Opium trade

• Two opium wars:

  • First war: China and Britain 

  • Second war: China, Britain and France

• China exported more goods than it imported. British merchants realized they could make a lot of money by trading Opium grown in India. The Chinese became addicted to this drug, disrupting the economy. The Chinese asked Queen Victoria to stop this trade, but she refused because it gave her economic power. The Chinese and British began to fight, and the British won.

Impacts of opium wars

• Chinese forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing 

  • Chinese have to pay the British indemnities for the war

  • British citizens have exterritorial rights- they did have to follow Chinese law and would be tried in their own country

  • China opens five port cities that favor British trade

  • Britain becomes the most favored nation 

    • Most Favored Nation: better/equal trading rights than any other country that trades with China

Open Door Policy

John Hayes suggestion

CHINESE WERE NOT CONSULTED ABOUT THIS POLICY 

1. Guaranteed equal trading rights for all countries -> reduced spheres of influence

2. Respect China’s sovereignty (independence)

Leads to the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion 

• Groups of Chinese peasants that formed a secret society  (Righteous Harmonious Fists) trained in martial arts

• Goals: violently remove all foreigners and their influence and preserve traditional Chinese traditions

• In late 1899 and 1900, the Boxers attacked and killed foreigners across China.

• Western forces joined and defeated the boxers.

effects of the boxer rebellion

 thousands of foreigners were killed. Qing dynasty pays indemnities and more westernization on the military, government, and social attitudes (end feudalism). Business class emerged

Spheres of influence:

• The economic presence of foreign powers of the West that the country being dominated by this country, in which a social and economic impact

  • Not a direct control

    • Capitalism

    • Enlightenment

    • People have rights

      • Conservative and political order in China begin to be questioned

What opens Japan to the World and who:

• Gunboat Diplomacy

• Mathew Perry

  • Perry arrives in Tokyo with a letter from the U.S. President demanding that Japan open its ports to the world for trade.

Meiji Restoration causes and changes.

Causes: Revolt against the shogunate and the Tokugawa Era restores power to Emperor Mutsuhito

Changes: Western government, technology, customs, and economies 

• “Rich country, strong army”

  • Capitalistic economy

  • Infrastructure built, factories, etc., in order to mass produce goods

Zaibatsu:

Large industrial or financial corporations

• Wealthy families who use their money to industrialize

• Creates a monopoly; these groups maintain control over these industries and get money

 how westernization reached East Asia. 

• China: opium wars and trade, spheres of influence

• Japan: Meiji Restoration, colonization, political reforms (based on Germany), army, massive industrialization

• In general: colonial rule + the exchange of ideas

Explain the effects of Westernization on China & Japan at the beginning of the 20th century. 

• China: The Qing Dynasty ends the rise in nationalism, industrialization, and a new influence on culture

• Japan: Institute a constitutional monarchy, political system, industrialization, zaibatsu, advancements in education