Germinal period
first two weeks after conception
Embryonic Period
week 3 through 8 after conception
Fetal period
2 months after conception until birth
rooting
turning the head and opening the mouth in response to a touch on the cheek
Moro
throwing the arms out and bringing them back together as if to hold on to something (in response to perceived danger or loud noises)
Ainsworth’s strange interaction:
initial mother-child interaction, mother leaves infant alone, stranger comes in, mother returns and greets child
Ainsworth- securely attached:
explores the room and then explores less and becomes upset when the mother leaves. Shows pleasure when the mother returns.
Ainsworth- avoidantly attached:
child avoids mother and acts coldly towards her upon returning
Ainsworth- anxious attachment:
Child remains close to the mother upon returning but is in complete distress
language development stages (in months):
2- cooing
4- babbling
10- babbling
12- 1 word stage
24- 2 word stage
24+ - sentences
Sensorimotor stage (0-2);
perceives and manipulates but does not reason, object permanence is acquired
pre-operational stage (2-7):
centration, egocentrism, symbolic thought, animism
concrete operational stage (7-12):
classification and categorization, less egocentric, inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically
formal operational stage (12-adulthood):
deductive reasoning
Vygotsky:
children learn from interactions with other people
Piaget:
focused on children's interaction with the physical world
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
trust vs. mistrust
infants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
those who experience independence will gain autonomy/ overly restrained will develop shame and doubt
industry vs. inferiority:
sense of achievement leads to industry/ feeling unproductive leads to inferiority
generativity vs. stagnation:
caring for others leads to generativity/ boredom leads to stagnation
pre conventional moral reasoning:
moral reasoning is based on external rewards
conventional moral reasoning:
laws and rules are upheld because they are laws and rules
post conventional moral reasoning:
reasoning based on personal moral standards
autocratic parenting:
parents are very strict and require conformity to the rules
authoritative parenting:
parents are firm but fair, encourage reasonable independence
permissive parenting:
parents do not make any rules