Psych Chapter 9

Germinal period

first two weeks after conception

Embryonic Period

week 3 through 8 after conception

Fetal period

2 months after conception until birth

rooting

turning the head and opening the mouth in response to a touch on the cheek

Moro

throwing the arms out and bringing them back together as if to hold on to something (in response to perceived danger or loud noises)

Ainsworth’s strange interaction:

initial mother-child interaction, mother leaves infant alone, stranger comes in, mother returns and greets child

Ainsworth- securely attached:

explores the room and then explores less and becomes upset when the mother leaves. Shows pleasure when the mother returns.

Ainsworth- avoidantly attached:

child avoids mother and acts coldly towards her upon returning

Ainsworth- anxious attachment:

Child remains close to the mother upon returning but is in complete distress

language development stages (in months):

2- cooing

4- babbling

10- babbling

12- 1 word stage

24- 2 word stage

24+ - sentences

Sensorimotor stage (0-2);

perceives and manipulates but does not reason, object permanence is acquired

pre-operational stage (2-7):

centration, egocentrism, symbolic thought, animism

concrete operational stage (7-12):

classification and categorization, less egocentric, inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically

formal operational stage (12-adulthood):

deductive reasoning

Vygotsky:

children learn from interactions with other people

Piaget:

focused on children's interaction with the physical world

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:

1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame & doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair

trust vs. mistrust

infants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

those who experience independence will gain autonomy/ overly restrained will develop shame and doubt

industry vs. inferiority:

sense of achievement leads to industry/ feeling unproductive leads to inferiority

generativity vs. stagnation:

caring for others leads to generativity/ boredom leads to stagnation

pre conventional moral reasoning:

moral reasoning is based on external rewards

conventional moral reasoning:

laws and rules are upheld because they are laws and rules

post conventional moral reasoning:

reasoning based on personal moral standards

autocratic parenting:

parents are very strict and require conformity to the rules

authoritative parenting:

parents are firm but fair, encourage reasonable independence

permissive parenting:

parents do not make any rules