CHAPTER 9 AND 10

Hypothesis Testing

A statistical method used to make inferences about population parameters based on sample data.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables in the population.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)

The hypothesis that states there is a significant difference or relationship between variables in the population.

Type I Error

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Type II Error

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Significance Level (α)

The probability of making a Type I error.

P-value

The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as the one calculated, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Critical Value

The value beyond which the null hypothesis is rejected.

One-tailed Test

A hypothesis test in which the alternative hypothesis is directional, focusing on one side of the distribution.

Two-tailed Test

A hypothesis test in which the alternative hypothesis is non-directional, focusing on both sides of the distribution.