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Choanocyte
Choanocytes are specialized cells in sponges with a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. They beat their flagella to create water currents and trap food particles from the water.
Filter feeding
Sponges use filter feeding: water flows into their pores, choanocytes trap food particles, and then the water exits through the opening at the top called the osculum.
Sponges
No, sponges do not have organs, true tissues, or a nervous system. Their body is a loose aggregation of cells.
Epidermis
The outer layer in Cnidarians.
Endodermis
The inner layer around the gastric cavity in Cnidarians.
Cnidocytes
They use stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts to capture prey.
Gastrovascular cavity
Prey is moved into the gastrovascular cavity, a central digestive space.
Extracellular digestion
They digest food extracellularly in the gastric cavity using enzymes, and nutrients are absorbed by cells.
Bilateria
Traits that define Bilaterians include bilateral symmetry, triploblastic (three tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), a complete digestive tract in most, and cephalization.
Protostomes
Mouth develops first from the blastopore.
Deuterostomes
Anus develops first from the blastopore.
Lophotrochozoa
Includes annelid worms and mollusks, characterized by segmented bodies and varied feeding strategies.
Annelid Worms
Segmented bodies, bilaterian plan with head/tail regions, coelomate (true body cavity), and use varied feeding strategies.
Mollusks
All have a mantle, which may secrete a shell, coelomate with a complete digestive system, includes snails, clams, squid, octopi.
Ecdysozoa
They molt (shed their exoskeleton) to grow. This process is called ecdysis.
Nematodes
Unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, many are parasitic (e.g., hookworms).
Arthropods
Segmented body, jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton made of chitin, includes insects, spiders, crustaceans.
Modular body plan
The modular body plan allows adaptation of different segments for various functions (e.g., flying, swimming, walking), leading to incredible diversity.
Insects
Traits that explain their diversity include desiccation-resistant eggs, wings, specialized respiratory systems, and metamorphosis.
Hemichordates
Marine organisms like acorn worms, characterized by a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal slits.
Echinoderms
Pentaradial symmetry as adults, water vascular system for movement and feeding, endoskeleton of calcium plates.
Chordates
Includes vertebrates, characterized by notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Jawless Fish
Includes hagfish and lampreys, characterized by no jaws and having pharyngeal slits.
Cartilaginous Fish
Includes sharks and rays, characterized by a skeleton made of cartilage and jaws evolved from gill arches.
Bony Fish
Skeleton made of mineralized bone, includes ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.
Tetrapods
Four-limbed vertebrates, including amphibians, which have a dual life: aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults.
Amniotes
Characterized by an amniotic egg that protects the embryo, allowing land reproduction.
Mammals
Shared traits include hair, mammary glands, and being warm-blooded.
Monotremes
Lay eggs and secrete milk through skin pores (no nipples), includes platypus and echidna.
Marsupials
Young born early and continue developing in the pouch, includes kangaroos and opossums.
Placental Mammals
Young develop in the uterus, placenta provides nutrients and protection, includes most mammals.
Major Themes in Animal Evolution
Increasing complexity, tissue and organ development, cephalization and symmetry, body segmentation, colonization of land, and diversification.