Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Evolutionary Traits

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32 Terms

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Choanocyte

Choanocytes are specialized cells in sponges with a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. They beat their flagella to create water currents and trap food particles from the water.

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Filter feeding

Sponges use filter feeding: water flows into their pores, choanocytes trap food particles, and then the water exits through the opening at the top called the osculum.

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Sponges

No, sponges do not have organs, true tissues, or a nervous system. Their body is a loose aggregation of cells.

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Epidermis

The outer layer in Cnidarians.

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Endodermis

The inner layer around the gastric cavity in Cnidarians.

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Cnidocytes

They use stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts to capture prey.

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Gastrovascular cavity

Prey is moved into the gastrovascular cavity, a central digestive space.

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Extracellular digestion

They digest food extracellularly in the gastric cavity using enzymes, and nutrients are absorbed by cells.

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Bilateria

Traits that define Bilaterians include bilateral symmetry, triploblastic (three tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), a complete digestive tract in most, and cephalization.

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Protostomes

Mouth develops first from the blastopore.

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Deuterostomes

Anus develops first from the blastopore.

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Lophotrochozoa

Includes annelid worms and mollusks, characterized by segmented bodies and varied feeding strategies.

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Annelid Worms

Segmented bodies, bilaterian plan with head/tail regions, coelomate (true body cavity), and use varied feeding strategies.

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Mollusks

All have a mantle, which may secrete a shell, coelomate with a complete digestive system, includes snails, clams, squid, octopi.

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Ecdysozoa

They molt (shed their exoskeleton) to grow. This process is called ecdysis.

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Nematodes

Unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, many are parasitic (e.g., hookworms).

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Arthropods

Segmented body, jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton made of chitin, includes insects, spiders, crustaceans.

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Modular body plan

The modular body plan allows adaptation of different segments for various functions (e.g., flying, swimming, walking), leading to incredible diversity.

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Insects

Traits that explain their diversity include desiccation-resistant eggs, wings, specialized respiratory systems, and metamorphosis.

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Hemichordates

Marine organisms like acorn worms, characterized by a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal slits.

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Echinoderms

Pentaradial symmetry as adults, water vascular system for movement and feeding, endoskeleton of calcium plates.

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Chordates

Includes vertebrates, characterized by notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

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Jawless Fish

Includes hagfish and lampreys, characterized by no jaws and having pharyngeal slits.

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Cartilaginous Fish

Includes sharks and rays, characterized by a skeleton made of cartilage and jaws evolved from gill arches.

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Bony Fish

Skeleton made of mineralized bone, includes ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.

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Tetrapods

Four-limbed vertebrates, including amphibians, which have a dual life: aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults.

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Amniotes

Characterized by an amniotic egg that protects the embryo, allowing land reproduction.

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Mammals

Shared traits include hair, mammary glands, and being warm-blooded.

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Monotremes

Lay eggs and secrete milk through skin pores (no nipples), includes platypus and echidna.

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Marsupials

Young born early and continue developing in the pouch, includes kangaroos and opossums.

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Placental Mammals

Young develop in the uterus, placenta provides nutrients and protection, includes most mammals.

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Major Themes in Animal Evolution

Increasing complexity, tissue and organ development, cephalization and symmetry, body segmentation, colonization of land, and diversification.