The Protestant Reformation L.2

What is Justification?

Justification is the process by which a person is declared righteous in the sight of God, often associated with faith and grace rather than works.

What is Predestination?

Predestination is the doctrine that God has eternally chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned, emphasizing divine sovereignty over human free will.

What does annul mean?

To declare invalid or void, often in reference to a marriage or legal agreement.

What were ghettos?

Ghettos were segregated urban areas where Jews were forced to live, often characterized by overcrowding and poverty, particularly during the Middle Ages and the Nazi regime.

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A Swiss Reformation leader who advocated for a return to the scriptures and rejected certain Catholic practices.

Who was John Calvin?

A French theologian and reformer who played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation, known for his doctrine of predestination and the establishment of Calvinism.

Who was King Henry VII?

The King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his six marriages and his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Who was Catherine of Aargon?

The first wife of King Henry VIII, whose marriage was annulled after she failed to produce a male heir, leading to England's break from the Catholic Church.

Who was Anna Boleyn?

The second wife of King Henry VIII, mother of Queen Elizabeth I, and a key figure in the English Reformation. Her marriage led to Henry's break with the Catholic Church.

Who was Thomas Cranmer?

The Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of King Henry VIII, he played a significant role in the English Reformation by helping to establish the Church of England and authoring the Book of Common Prayer.

Who was Thomas More?

A prominent English lawyer, philosopher, and statesman, known for his opposition to the Reformation and his refusal to accept King Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England. He was executed for treason.

Who was Edward VI?

The son of King Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he became king at a young age and was the first monarch to rule as a Protestant. His reign saw the further establishment of Protestantism in England.

who was Mary I?

The daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Mary I became queen of England and is known for her attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation, restoring Catholicism and persecuting Protestants during her reign.

Who were the Anabaptists?

A Christian sect that emerged during the Reformation, advocating for adult baptism and a separation from state influence in religious matters. They believed in a more communal and radical interpretation of Christianity.

Who was John of Leiden?

A prominent Anabaptist leader during the Reformation, known for establishing a theocratic government in Münster, Germany, and promoting radical reforms within the Anabaptist movement.

Who were Jews?

A religious group that traces its ancestry to the ancient Hebrews and is characterized by their belief in one God and adherence to Jewish law and traditions. During the Reformation, they often faced persecution and discrimination.

What/who were Jesuits?

A Catholic religious order founded in the 16th century by Ignatius of Loyola, known for their role in the Counter-Reformation, education, and missionary work.

Who was Ignatius of Loyola?

A Spanish priest and theologian, founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation through education and missionary efforts.

Who was Pope Paul III?

The pope who reigned from 1534 to 1549, known for initiating the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and convening the Council of Trent.

Who was Teresa of Avila?

A Spanish mystic, theologian, and reformer of the Carmelite order, known for her writings on prayer and spirituality.

Who were the Carmelites?

A religious order founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, dedicated to a life of prayer and contemplation, known for their reforms led by figures like Teresa of Avila. W

What was the War in Switzerland?

A series of conflicts between Protestant and Catholic cantons in the 16th century, primarily over religious and political control.

What is Calvinism?

A major branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination, the sovereignty of God, and the authority of Scripture.

Who was John Knox?

A Scottish minister and theologian who was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, founder of the Presbyterian Church.

Geneva

A city in Switzerland that became a center of Calvinism and religious reform under John Calvin's leadership.

What was the Act of Supremacy (1534)?

A law passed by the English Parliament that declared King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

What was the Anglican Church?

The Church of England, formed during the Reformation, which separated from the Roman Catholic Church and recognized the monarch as its supreme leader.

What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation on society?

The Protestant Reformation led to significant social changes, including the rise of individualism, questioning of traditional authority, and the promotion of literacy and education as people sought to read the Bible. It also resulted in the fragmentation of Christianity and the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

What was the Catholic Reformation?

A movement within the Catholic Church aimed at reforming its practices and doctrines in response to the Protestant Reformation, which included the Council of Trent and the establishment of new religious orders.

What was The Council of Trent?

An ecumenical council held between 1545 and 1563 that addressed issues of church reform and clarified Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.

How might events in Germany and the rest of Europe have encouraged to create the Act of Supremacy?

The Act of Supremacy was influenced by the political and religious turmoil in Germany and Europe, particularly the rise of Protestantism, which prompted England to assert independence from papal authority and establish the monarch as the head of the Church of England.

Why would Luther have disagreed with Calvin’s belief in Predestination?

Luther believed in free will and that salvation was available to all, whereas Calvin taught that God had already chosen who would be saved and who would be damned. W

What caused the Protestant Reformation in England, and what resulted from it?

The Protestant Reformation in England was primarily caused by King Henry VIII's desire for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, leading to the break from the Catholic Church and the establishment of the Church of England. This resulted in significant religious, political, and social changes, including the spread of Protestantism and the dissolution of monasteries.

What beliefs did the Anabaptists have that differed from other Protestant groups?

Anabaptists believed in adult baptism, separation of church and state, and a communal lifestyle, differing from other Protestant groups that practiced infant baptism and sought to reform existing churches.

What was Luther’s view about women’s role in society?

Luther believed that women should primarily focus on their roles as wives and mothers, emphasizing the importance of family and domestic responsibilities, while also advocating for women's education.

What were the three key elements of the Catholic Reformation, and why were they so important to the Catholic Church in the 16th century?

The three key elements of the Catholic Reformation were the Council of Trent, the formation of the Jesuits, and the emphasis on education and reform of clergy. These elements were crucial for addressing corruption, reaffirming Catholic doctrine, and countering the spread of Protestantism.

Why would it be helpful for the Catholic Church to have clearly defined doctrines?

Clearly defined doctrines would help the Catholic Church maintain unity, provide guidance to its followers, and effectively counter the challenges posed by Protestant reformers.