Ch. 1 (Major themes of Anatomy and Physiology)

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

study of function

Inspection

look at appearance (ex:performing a physical examination)

Palpation

feeling a structure with the hands (pulse)

Auscultation

listening to sounds made by the body (ex: listening to heart/lungs)

Percussion

examiner taps on the body, feels for resistance and listen to emitted sounds for abnormalities

Dissection

carefully cutting and seperating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

What is a method you use for dissection?

Cadaver (on dead human body)

Comparative Anatomy

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

Exploratory surgery

opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wriong and what could be done about it m

medical imaging

techniques/ methods of viewing inside the body without surgery

Radiology

branch of medicine specializing in imaging

what are subdisciplines of anatomy?

Gross anatomy, Histology, histopathology, cytology

Gross anatomy

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

examination of tissues with microscope

Histopathology

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

cytology

study of structure and function of cells

ultrastructure

FINE DETAILS of tissues and cell structure, as far down as the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

What are subdisciplines of physiology?

Neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology

Neurophysiology

physiology of nervous system

endocrinology

physiology of hormones

pathophysiology

mechanisms of disease

Comparative physiology

• study of different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction.

• Development new drugs and medical prcoedures

Hippocrates

“father of medicine”

scientific method

the process of performing science, including careful observation, logical thinking, and proper analysis of observations and conclusion

inductive method

process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them (anatomy is a product of inductive method)

In science al truth is ____.

tentative

hypothetic-deductive method

investigator begins asking a question and formulating a hypothesis (most physiological knowledge gained by this method

hypothesis

an educated speculation or possible answer to the question

What makes a good hypotheis?

• consistent with what is already know

• testable

falsifiability

if we claim something scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

What are some elements of experimental design?

• sample size

• controls

• psychosomatic effects

• experimenter bias

• statistical testing

sample size

number of subjects in a study

controls

control group resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment

psychosomatic effects

effects of the subject’s state of mind on her or his physiology; tested by giving PLACEBO to control group

statistical testing

use statistical stats to provides statement of probability that treatment was effective

peer review

critical evaluation by other experts in the field to ensure honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

scientific fact

(something we know) information that can be independently verified by any trained person

law of nature

how nature behaves

theory

explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed by hypothesis (incorporates all data)

why is evolution relevant to understanding human form and function?

no understanding of human form and function is complete without understanding evolutionary history, of how natural selection adapted the body

Evolution

ability to make change overtime

how does evolution work?

through natural selection

selection pressures

natural forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others

adaptions

inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures that enable organism to succeed

what is humans common ancestor?

primates

arboreal (tree dwelling)

shoulders became more mobile and enable better movement among branches

opposable

thumbs, enable to hold small objects and manipulate more precisely

prehensile

hands, able to grasp objects by encircling them with thumbs and fingers

stereoscopic

forward facing eyes

(allowed depth perception, color vision, and large brain- memory allowing efficient food finding)

Bipedalism

standing and walking on 2 legs

list the levels of human structure most complex to the simplest

• organism

• organ systems

• organs

• tissues

• cells

• organelles

• molecules

• atoms

organism

a single, complete individual

organ system

group of organs with a unique collective function (ex: circulatory, respiration, digestion)

what are the 11 organ systems?

1. integumentary

2. skeletal

3. muscular

4. nervous

5. endocrine

6. circulatory

7. lymphoid

8. respiratory

9. digestive

10. urinary

11. reproductive

organ

structure composed of 2 or more tissues types that work together to carry out a particular function

tissue

similar cells and cell products forming a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

cell

smallest unit to cary out all basic functions of life

organelle

structure within a cell that carry out a function

molecule

particles composed of two or more atoms

atom

smallest particle with unique chemical identify

reductionism

theory that large, complex systems can be understood by studying there simpler components

Holism

theory that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that can be predicted by the properties of their separated parts

Do any two humans look alike?'

NO, some individuals lack certain muscles, have an atypical number of vertebrae, atypical number of certain organs

characteristics of life

• organization

• cellulare composition

• metabolism

• responsiveness

• movement

• homeostasis

• development

• reproduction

• evolution

organization

living things exhibit a higher level of organization than non-living things

cellular composition

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Metabolism

chemical reactions within a living organism

responsiveness

ability to sense and rect to changes in the environment (stimuli)

movement

movement of of the entire organism or of substances within the organism

homeostasis

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

development

change in form or function overtime

reproduction

organisms produce copies of themselves, pass genes to offspring

evolution

genetic change form generation to generation, occurs due to mutations

What do physiological variables differ with?

sex, age, weight, diet, degree og physical activity, genetics,` environment

homeostasis

the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

dynamic equilibrium

set point

negative feedback

a process in which the body senses and change and activates mechanisms that reverse it (key mechanism for maintaining health

examples of negative feedback

thermos and body temperature

common components of feedback loop

receptor, integrating (control) center, effector

receptor

structure that senses change in the body

integrating (control) center

control center that processes the sensory information, “makes a decision” and directs the response

effector

cell or or that carries out the final corrective action to restore homestasis

positive feedback

self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective affects of negative feedback

examples of positive feedback

childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals

can positive feedback be harmful?

yes

how do matter and energy tend to flow?

down gradient

gradient

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

how does blood flow?

down a pressure gradient, from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure

down the gradient

high to low

up the gradient

low to high

pressure gradient

high to low pressure

chemicals flow down

concentration gradients

charged particles flow down

electrical gradients

ions flow down

electrochemical gradients

heat flows down a

theraml gradient

eponyms

some structures named after people

acronyms

pronounceable words formed from the first letter or first few letters, of series of words (PET scan)

radiography (x-rays)

earliest medical imaging technique developed