A&P1 chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy

the study of structure and the relationship among structures

What are the branches of Anatomy?

embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy.

Embryology

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.

Developmental biology

The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

Cell biology

Cellular structure and functions

Histology

Microscopic structure of tissues

Gross Anatomy

Structures that can be examined without a microscope

Systemic anatomy

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.

regional anatomy

Specific regions of the body such as the nervous system or the respiratory system

Surface anatomy

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

Imaging anatomy

Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as s-rays, MRI, and CT scans

Pathological anatomy

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

Neurophysiology

Functional properties of nerve cells

Endocrinology

Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

Cardiovascular physiology

functions of the heart and blood vessels

Immunology

The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

Respiratory physiology

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal physiology

Functions of the kidneys.

Exercise physiology

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Pathophysiology

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

What are the branches of Physiology?

neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology

Chemical level

includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

Cells

the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Tissues

Consist of groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions

Organs

structures of denote form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

Systems

consist of related organs that have a common function

Organismal

The human organism is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems; any living individual

What are the eleven systems of the human body?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, unitary, and reproductive

What are the components of the Integumentary system?

Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands

Integumentary system

Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensation such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation

What are the components of the Skeletal System?

Bones, joints, and cartilages

Skeletal system

Supports and protects body; provides surface area or muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Muscular system

Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat

What are the components of the Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears

Nervous system

Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interpret changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

What are the components to the endocrine system?

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Endocrine system

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)

What are the comments of the Cardiovascular System?

Blood, heart, blood vessels

What are the comments to the Lymphatic system and Immunity?

Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils

What are the cells in the Lymphatic system and Immunity that carry out immune responses?

B cells & T cells

Lymphatic system and Immunity

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

Proliferation

the rapid and repeated increase in the number of cells through orderly cell division

Maturation

The biological process where cells, tissues, organs, and the body systems progress toward a fully developed and functional adult state.

What are the components of the Respiratory System?

Lungs, Pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea(windpipe), Bronchial tubes

what body part is the Pharynx?

Throat

What body part is the Larynx?

Voice box

What body part is the Trachea?

Windpipe

Respiratory System

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

What are the components of the Digestive System?

Mouth, Pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

What body part is the esophagus?

Food tube

What organs in the Digestive system assist in the Digestive Process?

Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Digestive System

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste

What are the components of the Urinary system?

kidney, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and urethra

Urinary System

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

What are the components of the Reproductive System?

Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epidermis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males.

What are the components in the Female Reproductive System?

Mammary gland, Uterine tube, Uterus, Ovary, Vagina.

What are the components in the Male Reproductive System?

Penis, Testis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicle, Prostate, Epididymis

What is Palpation , Auscultation, and Percussion used for?

To access certain aspects of body structure and function

Palpation

The examiner feels body surface with the hands; an example would be pulse and heart rate determination

Auscultation

The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, as in listening to the lungs or heart.

Percussion

The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo

What are the six characteristics that all living this have?

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, and Reproduction

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical process that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

Responsiveness

is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

Movement

includes motion of the whole body individual organs, single, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

Growth

refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both

Differentiation

is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

Reproduction

refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.

Homeostasis

a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment

What body systems is Homeostasis regulated by?

Nervous system and endocrine system

Homeostasis: The Nervous System

detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption

Homeostasis: Endocrine system

Regulates hemostasis by secreting hormones

Feedback system

cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region

Stimulus

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Receptor

moniter changes in a controlled condition and sends input, in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals, to a control center

Control center

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.

Effector

body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

If a response reverses the original stimulus, the system is a

negative feedback system

If a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is a

positive feedback system

Epidemiology

deals with how diseases are transmitted among individual

Pharmacology

is the science that deal with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment

If the body is lying face down it is in

prone position

If the body is lying face up it is in

Supine position

What body part is the Cranial?

Skull

What body part is the Facial?

Face

What body part is the Frontal?

Forehead

What body part is the Temporal?

Temple

What body part is the Orbital or Ocular?

Eye

What body part is the Otic?

Ear

What body part is the Buccal?

Cheek

What body part is the Nasal?

Nose

What body part is the Oral?

Mouth

What body part is the Mental?

Chin

What body part is the Sternal?

Breastbone

What body part is the Axillary?

Armpit

What body part is the Brachial?

Arm

What body part is the Antecubital?

Front of the elbow

What body part is the Antebrachial?

Forearm

What body part is the Carpal?

Wrist

What body part is the Palmar or Volar?

Palm