Grade 9 First Summative Test Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Economics, English Literature/Drama, Filipino History and Language, Physics (Laws of Motion), Geometry, and MAPEH based on 9th-grade summative test materials.

Oiko and Nomos

The Greek roots of the word economics, meaning management of the household.

Economics

The study of production, distribution, consumption, and the use of limited resources.

Opportunity Cost

The best alternative sacrificed or given up when making a decision.

Trade-off

The act of sacrificing one thing in exchange for another.

Incentive

A reward or motivation, such as an additional allowance, given to encourage effort or higher performance.

Marginal Thinking

The examination of whether the additional benefit of an action is greater than the additional cost.

Microeconomics

The branch of economics that examines small parts of the economy, such as the behavior of consumers and producers.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets current needs without destroying nature or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

PSSD

Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development.

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals; global targets intended to achieve sustainable development.

Scarcity (Kakapusan)

The condition where resources are limited while human needs and wants are unlimited.

Shortage (Kakulangan)

A temporary condition where supply is insufficient but can eventually be replenished.

Allocation

The process of allotting specific amounts of resources based on needs and wants.

Centralized Allocation

A system where a few people, groups, or institutions determine economic needs and priorities.

Decentralized Allocation

A system that allows various members of the economy to provide information and set needs.

Traditional Economy

An economic system based on tradition, culture, and long-held beliefs.

Market Economy

An economic system guided by a free market and the free setting of prices.

Command Economy

An economic system where the government primarily owns or controls most of the resources.

Mixed Economy

An economic system that combines elements of both command and market economies.

Capitalism

An economic system that emphasizes private ownership, competition, the market, and profit.

Drama

A literary form written mainly to be performed by actors through dialogue and stage action.

Major Character

A character who plays an important role in developing the plot and theme of a drama.

Minor Character

A character who helps the drama by supporting conflict, revealing information, or influencing major characters.

Protagonist

The character who is central to the main conflict and action of a story.

Antagonist

A force or character that creates opposition for the protagonist.

Direct Characterization

A method where the narrator explicitly states a character's traits (e.g., 'Lena was patient').

Indirect Characterization

A method where a character's traits are revealed through their actions, speech, or appearance.

Exposition

The plot element that introduces the setting, characters, and the opening situation.

Climax

The part of the plot where the conflict reaches its highest point or turning point.

Parallel Plot

Two or more related storylines that develop side by side and connect by theme or character.

Episodic Plot

A series of linked episodes or events connected by a common character, place, or theme.

Internal Conflict

A struggle occurring within a character's mind, such as Character vs. Self.

Dramatic Irony

A situation where the audience knows information that is unknown to the characters onstage.

Psyche

The human mind, including both conscious thoughts and hidden desires.

Repression

The psychological act of pushing unwanted thoughts or feelings away from conscious awareness.

Unconscious

The part of the mind containing thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness that still influence behavior.

Kasarinlan

Independence and sovereignty.

Panahon ng Kasarinlan

The period in Philippine history following occupation when the country's own government and leadership were recognized.

Amado V. Hernandez

A writer associated with the Philippine Period of Independence (Panahon ng Kasarinlan).

Jose Garcia Villa

A Filipino writer known for his contributions to English literature.

Maikling Kuwento

A short story; a literary form that narrates events in a character's life in a brief format.

Tula

A poem; a form of literature that expresses feelings and ideas in a poetic and metaphorical way.

Tauhan

The character or person who acts out the events in a narrative.

Tagpuan

The setting; the time and place where a story occurs.

Banghay

The plot; the orderly sequence of events in a story.

Tunggalian

The conflict; the problem or force that the character must face.

Foreshadowing

Providing hints or clues about events that will happen later in the story.

Idyomatikong Pahayag

An idiomatic expression; a statement with a non-literal meaning.

Bisa ng Salita

Word efficacy; the effect of chosen words on the reader's emotions and understanding.

Primary Source (Hanguang Primarya)

Original records, letters, interviews, or documents originating from the actual event or time period.

Secondary Source (Hanguang Sekundarya)

Books, encyclopedias, or articles that explain and interpret information from other sources.

Electronic Source (Hanguang Elektroniko)

Information gathered from websites, online forums, or digital libraries.

Transitional Words

Words used to connect ideas and ensure a clear flow of explanation.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

Net Force

The resultant or total force acting on an object.

Balanced Forces

Forces that result in a net force of zero, meaning the object's motion does not change.

Friction

A force that opposes sliding or motion between two surfaces.

Centripetal Force

A force that keeps an object moving in a circular path by pushing it toward the center.

Acceleration

A change in velocity.

Newton's Second Law Equation

$$F = ma$$

Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

System (Physics)

The specific object or group of objects chosen for study during force analysis.

External Force

A force that originates from outside the chosen system.

Point

A basic geometric term representing an exact location with no size.

Line

A geometric figure that extends without end in two opposite directions.

Plane

A flat surface that extends without end in all directions.

Line Segment

A part of a line that consists of two endpoints.

Ray

A part of a line that has one endpoint and extends without end in one direction.

Vertex

The common endpoint where two rays meet to form an angle.

Perpendicular Lines

Lines that intersect to form right angles ($90^{\circ}$).

Parallel Lines

Coplanar lines that do not intersect.

Complementary Angles

Two angles whose measures sum to $90^{\circ}$.

Supplementary Angles

Two angles whose measures sum to $180^{\circ}$.

Vertical Angles

Congruent angles formed opposite each other when two lines intersect.

Linear Pair

Adjacent angles whose noncommon sides form a straight line.

Congruent Angles

Angles that have equal measures.

Transversal

A line that intersects two or more lines at different points.

Corresponding Angles

Angles that occupy the same relative position at each intersection where a transversal cuts two lines.

Alternate Interior Angles

Angles located inside the two lines on opposite sides of the transversal.

Electronic Dance Music (EDM)

A popular music style using synthesizers, beat loops, and computer-based sound production.

Rhythm

The pattern of beats in music that creates movement or groove.

Instrumentation

The specific instruments or sound sources used in a musical piece.

Digital Art

Artwork created using digital technology, such as tablets and drawing applications.

Film Restoration

The process of preserving and improving older films for modern audiences.

New Media

Creative work that utilizes digital technology and online platforms.

Multimedia

Output that combines different forms such as images, sound, text, and digital effects.

Target Game

A game where the primary goal is to send an object accurately toward a specific target.

Invasion Game

A game where teams must move into or defend space to score points.

Fair Play

The promotion of respect, safety, cooperation, and responsible participation in games.

Intentional Injury

Hurt or harm that is deliberately caused by another person or oneself.

Protective Factor

A condition or support system that helps reduce risk and build resilience.

Healthy Connections

Trusting and supportive relationships with people who care about an individual's well-being.