AP Psych Unit 0

Sender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, shout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that _________ often underlie cultural differences.

Common Psychological Processes

This hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to...?

Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

If a result is statistically significant, this means that the...?

Results of the research have practical significance.

When Mr. Cadran calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

Mean

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as...?

Naturalistic Observation

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of...?

The double-blind procedure

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of...?

Assuming that correlation proves causation

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

Evolutionary

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of...?

Illusory correlation

Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Arianna is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Arianna's belief best illustrates...?

Illusory Correlation(13)

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)...?

Operational Definition(a)

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

Biological

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants...?

Random Assignment

Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community?

The median is minimally affected by extreme scores.

The IQ scores of the five members of the DiOrio family are 100,82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is...?

36

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use...?

Random Assignment(a)

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about...?

Which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

68%

Unlikable Dr. DeFord is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest in high school seniors, and the sample consists of students whoa attend an exclusive college preparatory school. Half of the sample receives practice in solving particular types of problems, while the other half does not. Both groups take the same problem-solving test. According to the test, which of the following might best explain why the very unlikeable Dr. DeFord may not be able to generalize his findings?

His sample is not representative of the population.

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a...?

Placebo

Researchers have found that men and women learn to walk at about the same age, experience the same sensations of light, and exhibit similar overall intelligence. These findings support the idea that...?

The same underlying processes guide people everywhere.

Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?

Correlation indicates the possibility of a casual relationship, but it does not prove causation.

Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?

They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. (Several Stargate students volunteered for the study) A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates...?

An operational definition

Laramie believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Laramie's driving appears to be affected by...?

Overconfidence

Max wants to know how consistent his scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?

Standard Deviation

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing.

The distributions of which of the following types of data are most likely to form a normal curve?

Height

To determine whether a research finding is statistically significant, researchers...?

Compare the means of the control group and experimental group.

The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to...?

An illusory correlation.(2)

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

-0.67

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

The case study

A high school teacher would like to know if having the students do warm-up exercises at the beginning of every class leads to improved performance. Which research method should the teacher use?

Experiment

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how...?

People encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Awesome Dr. Williams wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to...?

Predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results.

The not quite brilliant Dr. Lehman conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of masses practice and spaces practice on a person's ability to remember information. The not quite brilliant Dr. Lehman is most likely a _______ psychologist.

Cognitive

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

Mental life; observable behavior

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate example of central tendency than the mean?

6,18,4,5,2

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of...?

Wording Effects

Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events push us to overuse...?

Common Sense

A researcher interested in proving a casual relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

Experiment(2)

What is the research term that determines whether the results of a study are not due to chance?

Statistical Significance

Historians are science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint?

Curiosity, skepticism, humility.

Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use?

Correlational

The brilliant Dr. Williams believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. The brilliant Dr. Williams' ideas most directly exemplify the _______.

Cognitive (l)

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it...?

May be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

The biological perspective is psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by...?

Blood Chemistry

Many people think that laboratory-based experiments are the best type of research because so many of the variables are controlled. While doing research in a lab does offer much more control, what is a drawback of experiments?

The results might not generalize to situations outside of the lab.