Anatomy Exam 1 Chapters 1 + 2(does not include 3)

9/21/26

Anatomy

study of the bodys structures

physiology

study of bodys functions

What is metabolism

chemical reactions that produce/use energy.

what is responsiveness

ability to respond to changes in the environment

Levels of structural organization(smallest→largest)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

Integumentary systems function

protection, temperature regulation, and sensation

functions of skeletal system

support, protection, movement

function of muscular system

movement, posture, heat production

functions of the nervous system

communication to the muscles

function of the endocrine system

hormone regulation

cardiovascular system function

transports blood, oxygen, nutrients

function of lymphatic system

fluid balance

Function of respiratory system

supply body with oxygen and remove C02

Function of digestive system

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Function of urinary system

removes waste

What is Gross anatomy

structures visible without a microscope

__________ is the study of cells

Cytology

_________ is the study of tissues

histology

______________ anatomy is studyin of all structures in a particular body region

Regional

what is the studying of one organ system at a time?

systemic anatomy

what is the study of the external “landmarks’ of the body?

surface anatomy

______________ anatomy is the study of structural changes throughout development

developmental

Anatomical position question: The knee is ___________ to the ankle

proximal

Anatomical positioning question: The nose is ___________ to the eye

medial

Sagittal plane divides the body into ____________

Left and right

what does the frontal plane divide the body into

anterior and posterior

The transverse plane divides the body into _____________

superior and inferior

parietal = ________

visceral = __________

wall, organs

A ____________ allows the body to monitor and repsond to changes

feedback loop

Explain feedback loop

Stimulus → Receptor → Control center → Effector → Response

What type of feedback loop reduces or reverse the original change. Give an example

negative, blood glucose rises so insulin is released

what type of feedback loop amplifies the orginal change. give an example

Positive, blood clotting

Explain how two or more organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

For example, the ___________ and ______________ systems work together to maintain proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide, while the cardiovascular system transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Together, these systems help keep the body’s internal conditions stable.

respiratory and cardiovascular

what is the smallest unit of an element

atom

what type of charge does a proton have

positive

what type of charge does a neutron have

neutral

what type of charge does an electron have

negative

number of ____________ = identity of the element

protons

what is the G1 phase of the cell cycle

cell growth

what is the S phase of the cell cycle

DNA replication

what is G2 phase of the cell cycle

further growth and preperation for division

What is M phase of the cell cycle

Cell division

What is the regions around nucleus where elctrons are found electrons

electron cells

1 st shell has → ____ electrons

2

2nd shell has → ______ electrons

8

The 3rd shell often holds ______ electrons but can hold up to _____

8, 18

mass number - atomic number = _________

neutrons

what are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?

isotopes

what are the stages of cell cycle and division

Intrphase , prophase, metaphase, anaphasem telophase, cytokenesis

What is interphase

what is a molecule?

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

what is a mixture?

two or more substances combined but not bonded (ex: salt water)

There are 3 types of micture: solution, colloid, suspension. What is solution?

a uniform mixture such as salt dissolved in water

There are 3 types of micture: solution, colloid, suspension. What is Colloid micture?

particles larger than those is a solution but remain suspended (ex: milk)

There are 3 types of micture: solution, colloid, suspension. What is suspension mixture?

micture with large particles that may sette out (ex: muddy water)

A __________ bond is an attractive force that holds atoms together

chemical

There are 3 types of chemical bonds, list them.

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

When is an ionic bonds formed?

when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A __________ is a positiviely charged ion

cation

a _________ is a negatively carged ion

anion

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share _________

electrons

difference between malignant and benign tumor

Benign tumors stay in one spot malignant can invade and spread

What is a nonpolar covalent bond

Electrons are shared approcimately equal

what is a polar covant bond?

electrons are shared unequally

What is an atoms ability to attract shared electrons?

electronegativity

A ____________ bond is a weak attraction between

-A partially positive hydrogen atom

-A partially negative atom, usually oxygen or nitrogen

Hydrogen

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?

water

potential energy is what?

stored energy

kinetic energy is what?

energy of motion

What is an exergonic reaction?

releasing of energy

what is an endergonic reaction?

absorbtion and storing of energy

What is a catobolic reaction?

the breaking of large rmolecules into smaller molecules (hint: CATabolic=cut)

what is an anabolic reaction?

Building larger molecules from smaller molecules (hint ANAbolic = assemble)

________ reaction involves both the breaking and forming of bonds

exchange

what is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.

activation energy

what do enzymes do

increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Things that can affect enzyme/reaction activity include:

temperature , ph, etc

Inorganic vs organic compounds

inorganic does not contain carbon hydrogen bonds, organic contains carbon and hydrogen

List the properties of water

polar, solvent(many substances can dissolve in it) , high heat capacity

what are the two major nucleuic acids

dna and rna

what is dehydration synthesis used to do?

used tot build larger molecules

what is hydrolysis used for

to break larger molecules apart

Purines and pyrimidines are found in nuclic acids how many rings are found in each ?

Purines=2 rings, pyrimidines= one ring

what is ATP

primary energy carrier

how is atp made

primarily made through cellular respiration

what is genetic code

the set of rules used by cells to translate nucleotide information into amino acid sequences

what is a segment of dna that contains information

gene

what are the 4 organic compounds?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids