Suprarenal Glands, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

Flashcards based on the provided lecture notes on Suprarenal Glands, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries and Neck Anatomy.

What are the Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands?

Paired endocrine glands situated on the upper poles of the kidneys, enclosed in the renal fascia.

What are the two main parts of the suprarenal gland and their embryological origins?

Cortex (mesoderm) and Medulla (neural crest).

What are the primary functions regulated by the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Electrolyte and water balance, blood sugar concentration, liver and muscle glycogen stores, inflammatory reactions.

What hormones are secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (catecholamines).

Where are accessory suprarenal glands typically found?

Loose areolar tissue around the principal gland, spermatic cord, epididymis, or broad ligament of the uterus.

What type of hormones do accessory suprarenal glands produce?

Corticosteroids, especially glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Where are common locations for accessory suprarenal glands?

Along the path of descent of the gonads, near the kidneys, in the spermatic cord/broad ligament.

What is the clinical importance of accessory suprarenal glands?

May be mistaken for lymph nodes or small tumors, can regrow after adrenalectomy, contribute to Cushing's syndrome.

What do Chromaffin cells secrete when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Where are the suprarenal glands located?

Epigastric region of the abdomen, anterosuperior to the upper part of each kidney.

What structures are related to the right suprarenal gland?

Diaphragm (posteriorly), inferior vena cava (medially), right lobe of the liver (anteriorly), and kidney (inferiorly).

What structures are related to the left suprarenal gland?

Diaphragm (posteriorly), stomach (anteriorly), and kidney (inferiorly).

What is the shape of the right suprarenal gland?

Triangular or pyramidal.

What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland?

Crescentic or semilunar.

What are the approximate measurements of an adult suprarenal gland?

Length: 50 mm, Breadth: 30 mm, Thickness: 10 mm, Weight: About 5 g.

What are the two sheaths surrounding each suprarenal gland?

Loose areolar tissue and renal fascia.

What does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

Inferior vena cava.

What does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

Left renal vein.

Where does the lymph from the suprarenal glands drain?

Lateral aortic nodes.

What is the nerve supply to the suprarenal medulla?

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from splanchnic nerves.

In what cases is Adrenalectomy sometimes done?

Advanced and inoperable cases of carcinoma breast and prostate.

What is a common surgical approach to the adrenal gland for adrenalectomy?

Posterior Retroperitoneal Approach

Where is the pancreas located in the abdomen?

Epigastric and left hypochondriac regions, crossing from the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen.

Opposite what vertebral levels does the pancreas cross the posterior abdominal wall?

T12–L3 vertebrae.

What are the four main parts of the pancreas?

Head, neck, body, and tail.

How is the head of the Pancreas located?

Lies in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum in front of the L2 vertebra.

What structures are posterior to the head of the pancreas?

Inferior vena cava (IVC), right renal vein and artery, right crus of the diaphragm, and bile duct.

Which structures lied posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

Formation of the portal vein and superior mesenteric vessels.

Which structures lied anteriorly to the head of the pancreas

Transverse colon and transverse mesocolon

What structures are posterior to the body of the pancreas?

Abdominal aorta, left suprarenal gland, left kidney and renal vessels, splenic vein, superior mesenteric artery.

Which artery is the main source of blood supply to the pancreas?

Splenic artery.

The veins from the pancreas drain into what vessel?

Splenic vein.

Into what groups of lymph nodes does the lymph from the pancreas drain?

Pancreaticosplenic nodes, coeliac nodes, superior mesenteric nodes, and pyloric nodes.

What is the location of a Testis?

Male gonad located in the scrotum, suspended by the spermatic cord.

What are functions of Testosterone in the testes?

Regulation of male sexual characteristics, sperm production, and sex drive.

Where are the ovaries located?

Upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus (ovarian fossa).

What are the main functions of the ovaries?

Producing the ovum, estrogen and progesterone

What are the components of the superficial fascia of the neck?

Superficial veins, cutaneous nerves, superficial lymph nodes, and platysma muscle (anteriolaterally).

What are the layers of the deep fascia of the neck?

Investing fascia, pretracheal fascia, and prevertebral fascia.

What is the Origin of Sternocleidomastoid?

Sternal manubrium, medial clavicle.

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric, and stylohyoid.

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid.

What is the function of Mylohyoid?

Elevates floor of mouth and hyoid

What are the boundries of the Anterior Triangle?

Anterior, posterior, and base.

What are the superior inferior boundries of anterior triangle?

Superior, Lateral, Medial.

What are the main boundaries of the submental triangle?

Hyoid bone, Imaginary midline, Anterior belly of the digastric.

What are the borders of submandibular triangle?

Body of the mandible, Anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Hyoid bone, Imaginary midline of the neck, Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, Inferior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

What is the Apex and Base of the Posterior Triangle?

Anterior border of the trapezius muscle and Middle third of the clavicle.

Which arteries supply the posterior triangle?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, brachial plexus trunks and subclavian artery