AP World midterm BROOOO

BRUUUHHHHH 67 TOO HARD

Paleolithic Age

Hunter-gatherers who relied on nature and migration

Neolithic Revolution

Shift from hunting-gathering to agriculture

Agricultural Revolution

Development of farming that led to permanent settlements

Land Bridge

Exposed land connecting continents during Ice Age

Bering Land Bridge

Land bridge connecting Asia and North America

Surplus

Extra food that allowed population growth

Egalitarian

Society where people have equal status

Mesopotamia

First civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Cuneiform

Mesopotamian writing system

Epic of Gilgamesh

Poem showing Mesopotamian values and polytheism

Ziggurat

Religious temple in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi’s Code

Law code that reinforced social hierarchy

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Ancient Egypt

Civilization along the Nile River

Nile River

Predictable flooding that supported agriculture

Pharaoh

Divine ruler of Egypt

Pyramids

Monumental tombs for pharaohs

Book of the Dead

Guide to the afterlife

Field of Reeds

Egyptian afterlife for the righteous

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing system

Indus River Valley Civilization

Civilization in India/Pakistan

Harappa

Major Indus city

Mohenjo-Daro

Planned Indus city with plumbing

Urban Planning

Grid-like city layout

Yellow River

Cradle of Chinese civilization

Shang Dynasty

First Chinese dynasty

Oracle Bones

Used for divination

Zhou Dynasty

Introduced Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven

Divine right to rule; can be revoked

Feudalism (China)

Land given to nobles for loyalty

Qin Dynasty

Used Legalism; standardized laws

Han Dynasty

Golden age; Confucianism

Bureaucracy

Government run by officials

Filial Piety

Respect for elders

Mauryan Empire

Indian empire that expanded Buddhism

Ashoka

Mauryan ruler who promoted Buddhism

Rock Edicts

Ashoka’s laws promoting morality

Gupta Empire

Golden age of India

Dharma

Moral duty

Karma

Actions determine rebirth

Reincarnation

Cycle of rebirth

Moksha

Release from reincarnation

Caste System

Rigid social hierarchy in India

Hinduism

Polytheistic ethnic religion with caste system

Buddhism

Universal religion rejecting caste system

Nirvana

Enlightenment in Buddhism

Ethnic Religion

Religion tied to culture (Hinduism

Universal Religion

Religion that accepts converts

Civil Service Exams

Merit-based exams for officials

Silk Road

Trade routes connecting East and West

Yellow Turban Rebellion

Peasant revolt in Han China

Roman Republic

Government with senate and laws

Twelve Tables

Roman law code

Aqueducts

Water transport system

Roman Empire

Expanded Roman control

Christianity

Universal religion appealing to women and slaves

Fall of Rome

Caused by invasion

Persian Empire

Large decentralized empire

Satrap

Persian governor

Royal Road

Trade and communication route

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion of good vs evil

Cyrus the Great

Tolerant Persian ruler

Greece

Mountainous geography led to city-states

Athens

Democracy

Sparta

Militaristic society

Alexander the Great

Macedonian conqueror

Hellenistic Age

Blending of Greek and local cultures

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam

Qur’an

Holy book of Islam

Five Pillars of Islam

Core religious duties

Mecca

Holy city of Islam

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Caliphate

Islamic government led by caliph

Umayyad Caliphate

Expansion-focused; Sunni

Abbasid Caliphate

Golden Age; Shia support

Baghdad

Abbasid capital

Golden Age of Islam

Advances in science and learning

Dhimmi

Protected non-Muslims

Jizya

Tax paid by dhimmi

Mawali

Non-Arab converts to Islam

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople

Byzantine capital

Eastern Orthodox Church

Byzantine Christianity

Roman Catholic Church

Western Christianity

Pope

Leader of Catholic Church

Justinian

Byzantine emperor

Hagia Sophia

Monumental church

Crusades

Religious wars over Holy Land

Holy Land

Sacred to Judaism

First Crusade

Only successful crusade

Schism

Split between Catholic and Orthodox Churches