HOTA: Unit 5 Civil Rights Movements

Grassroots Movements

Occur when ordinary groups or individuals push for reform, examples in the Civil Rights Movement include Bayard Rustin, Marcus Garvey, Black Panthers, SNCC, etc.

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of African-American people from white people

Racial Terror Lynching

Lethal violence directed at people because of their race in an effort to terrorize the entire community

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S.. The right to vote, however, was governed by state law.

Executive Order 9066

Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order authorized the forced removal of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to "relocation centers" further inland - resulting in the incarceration of Japanese Americans.

Japanese Incarceration

Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camps or "relocation centers." Most lived in these conditions for 3 years of more until the end of WWII.

Bracero Program

Executive order in 1942 that brought millions of laborers from Mexico to work on farms in the United States on short term labor contracts.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state-ordered segregation so long as the facilities for black and white people were equal, "Separate but equal"

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education, ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation/internment of Japanese Americans

The Great Migration

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist terror organization

Tulsa Race Massacre

A two-day-long massacre that took place between May 31 - June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, some of whom had been appointed as deputies and armed by city government officials, attacked black residents and destroyed homes and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma

Double V Campaign

Launched by the Pittsburgh Courier (African American newspaper) in 1942, stood for "Victory Abroad and Victory at Home." Victory Abroad championed military success against fascism overseas, and Victory at Home demanded equality for African Americans in the United States.

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

COINTELPRO

Counterintelligence Program conducted by the FBI. Begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

American Indian Movement

Led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Occupation of Alcatraz (1969)

Native Americans demonstrated and occupied land and public buildings, claiming the rights to natural resources and territory they had owned collectively before European settlements. Dozens seized Alcatraz island, an abandoned fed. prison claiming their right of "first discovery"

Wounded Knee (1973)

In February 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which was the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops. They insisted that the government honor treaty obligations of the past.

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

A series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored

United Farm Workers

Organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chavez