Chapter 22 Immune System and the Body's Defense, A & P Chapter 22: Immune System and the Body's Defense

Identify the immune cell that secretes cytotoxic chemicals (i.e. perforin)

Natural killer cell (NK)

What are 3 antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes?

Lysozyme, Sebum, Immunoglobulin A

What is the order of events of inflammation?

1. Release of chemicals

2. Vasodilation

3. Recruitment of immune cells

4. Delivery of plasma proteins

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk

IgA

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _______, an infection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

Vaccine

What destroys infected cells via apoptosis

Cytotoxic T cell

What produces antibodies

Plasma cell

What releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

Helper T cell

What are phagocytes

Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells,

B-lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their?

Antigens

Lymphocytes are testes to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _______ gland.

Thymus

What cells produce histamine and heparin

Basophils, Mast cells

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called

Artificially acquired active immunity

T/F: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.

True (The microorganisms are called the normal flora. They help the growth of pathogenic organisms)

What is true regarding active immunity?

1. Active Immunity may result from direct exposure to an antigen.

2. Active Immunity includes the development of memory cells.

What is the order of events of activation of a T helper cell.

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule.

2. Helper T cell binds APC

3. Helper T cell secretes IL-2

4. Helper T cell proliferates

What immune system cell is associated with allergies and asthma?

Eosinophils

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody

Titer

Identify each anitbody function

A: Complement fixation

B: Opsonization

C: Activation of NK cells

What is true of IgG

1. It can cross the placenta

2. Predominant antibody in the blood.

3. It can neutralize snake venom

What immunoglobulin has a half life in blood of 23 days?

IgG

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called?

Mad cow disease

Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation

Pain, swelling, redness, heat

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ________ disorder occur

Immune

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in

Acute hypersensitivities

What are lymphatic tissues?

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

What is the phase order of an acute hypersensitivity reaction?

1. Sensitization phase

2. Activation phase

3. Effector phase

The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the _______.

Circulating blood

Immunity obtained from another individual is called ______ immunity

Acquired

Identify the parts of the antibody pictured

A: Antigen-binding site

B: Variable region

c: Constant region

What are the five major categories of infectious agents?

1. Multicellular parasites

2. Bacteria

3. Viruses

4. Protozoans

5. Fungi

Identify the multicellular parasite

D

The three types of granulocytes are

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

What are the benefits of fever

Promotion of interferon activity

Inhibition bacteria reproduction

Accelerated tissue repair

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called

Obligate intracellular parasites

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury

72 hours (3 days)

What are two characteristics of bacteria

1-2 micrometers in size

Single-celled organism

What is the order of B cell activation?

1. B cell bings free antigen

2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell.

3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4

4. B cell proliferates

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by

Protozoans

Identify each of the following in the picutre

A: Primary response

B: Secondary response

C: IgM

D: IgG

What class of immunoglobulin is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement

IgM

Hepatitis vaccination often require more than one injection because

Memory B cells have a set life span

What are the antigen-presenting cells

Dendritic cells, lymphocytes, Macrophages

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or _________

Anamnestic response

What are examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system?

Interferons and complement

Pyrexia is the presence of

Fever

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ______ immunity

Humoral

The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The _______ pathway occurs when a bacteria of fungus binds directly to the complement protein

Alternative

What components are required for the process of class switching to occur?

Cytokines

CD40 surface protein

CD154 protein

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an anitbody, is called

Opsonin

Innate immunity is

nonspecific

High fever can cause

Denaturation of proteins

Seizures

Death

Irreversible brain damage

What cell becomes an epidermal dendritic cell

Monocyte

Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?

Neutrophils

Which class of immunoglobulin is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood

IgM

What factors affect an antigen's immunogenicity

Size

Complexity

What class of immunoglobulin causes the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells

IgE

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as ______ monomer

Antibody

Small proteins called ______ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells

Cytokines

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called ______ surveillance.

Immune

Pyrogens target the

Hypothalamus

What class of immunoglobulin is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

IgE

Mold and yeasts are types of

Fungi

Antibodies are

Immunoglobulins

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the ______ phase.

Latent

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ______, also referred to as IFN

Interferons

Acquired immunity is also called

Adaptive immunity

When antibodies clump together viral particles, they become insoluble, or ______

Precipitated

Activated helper T cells are required to activate what?

B Cells

Cytotoxic T cells

A membrane attack complex is the name for a ________.

Protein channel

What is the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells.

Chemotaxis

nonspecific immunity is another name for

Innate immunity

activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.

Perforins

Granzymes

Cell-mediated immunity is a type of _____ immunity

Adaptive immunity

Activated helper T cells release _______ and ______ to stimulate other immune cells?

Interleukins

Cytokines

T-lymphocytes originate in

Red bone marrow

Letter A is a picture of cells called the alveolar _______ of the lungs

Macrophages

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _____ cells that produce antibodies

Plasma

Which represents a T-lymphocyte

A

T/F: Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.

True

CD8 cells are also called

Cytotoxic T-cells

What is the waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes

Cerumen

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, specific type of ________ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.

Cytokines

_____ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

Cilia

Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bing to any self-antigens. This test is called ______.

Negative selection

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ____

Of the presence of memory B cells

Acitvated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become

Memory B-Lymphocytes

What enzyme attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria

Lysozyme

What skin secretion contains lactic acid and fatty acids?

Sebaceous gland secretions

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. This areas are said to have

Immune privilege

The complement system is made of 30 differnt

Proteins

Letter A is a picture of a dendritic cell. Dendritic cells are found in the

Epithelial

The process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries

Margination

The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and ____.

Helper T-Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as

Lymphocyte recirculation

Where are complement proteins synthesized

The liver

Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule

TCR

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the _____ region

Variable

The ________ _______ ________ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant

Major histocompatibility complex

What is the half life of IgA in blood?

5.5 days