psycology

social psychology

examines how people affect each other and it looks at the power of the situation.

situationism

view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.

dispositionism

view that our behavior is determined by internal factors (personality, traits and temperament)

social personality psychology

studies the complex interaction of internal factors and situational

fundamental attribution error

assumption where people overestimate the personality/ traits that are involved when considering the behavior of another person (underestimate the importance of a situation)

actor observer bias

phenomenon of attributing other people’s behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational; factors

self serving bias

to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational; or external attributions for negative outcomes.

attribution

belief about the cause of a result

just world hypothesis

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

social roles

pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

social norms

groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members (how they are supposed to behave and think)

scripts

persons knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting.

attitude

evaluation of a person, an object, or an idea

cognitive dissonance

psychological discomfort arising from conflict between our attitudes,’, behaviors , beliefs and our positive self perceptions.

persuasion

process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

conformity

change in persons behavior to go along with the group even if the person does not agree with the group

normative social influence

when people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good and to accept by the group

informational social influence

people conform to the group because they the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous.

obedience

compliance to a demand of an authority figure

groupthink

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

group polarization

strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

social facilitation

when an individual preforms better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs behavior alone

social loafing

the exertion of less effort by a person working together within a group

prejudice

negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on membership in a particular social group

stereotype

specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.

discrimination

negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group

racism

prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on ones membership in a specific racial group

sexism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

ageism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their age

in group bias

preference for our own group over other groups

aggression

intending to cause harm or pain to another person

hostile aggression

aggression which is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

instrumental aggression

aggression which is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain

bystander effect

phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not help a victim or person in distress

diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior to help other people

altruism

desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

reciprocity

give and take in relationships

self disclosure

sharing of personal information

3 components in Steinberg triangular theory of love

Intimacy, passion, commitment

social exchange theory

comparing cost versus benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship

hippocreates

believed that personality was based on temperaments that result from 4 fluids in the body

franz

believed that personality could be determined by the location of bumps on the skull

who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality

Sigmund Freud

physycho dynamic

theory proposes that the unconscious is the most powerful force of personality

3 regions of control impulses (freud beliefs)

1) impulsive and desire ( 2) ego meditates between id and super ego (3) superego monitors and controls behaviors

Alfred adler

he proposed that the major drive for behavior is the striving for superiority

Erik Erikson

he developed the psychological theory of developement

Carl Jung

he proposed that we have a personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Karen theory

she believed that personality is affected by anxiety related to childhood needs

learning

approaches focus on observable behavior

BF skinner

he believed that personality is the product of your environment( based on rewards or punishment)

Albert Bandura

he developed the social cognitive theory of development

self efficacy

level of confidence in ones abilities

reciprocal determinism

a concept suggest that cognitive processes, behavior and context interact

locus of control

beliefs about the power we have in our lives (internal/external)

Mischel

his research did not support the idea that people act the same across different situations

Humanistic

approaches focus on healthy developments and emphasize the capacity for self direct change

Abraham Maslow

he studied self actualized people

carl rogers

he promoted unconditional positive regard

biological

perspective investigates genetics and biological differences to explain personality

Trait theorists

individuals personality using characteristics

Gordon allport

he organized personality traits intro cardinal, central and secondary traits

Raymond cattel

he identified 16 dimensions of personality

The big 5 personality

1)openness, (2)conscientiousness,(3) extroversion (4) agreeableness (5) neuroticism

cultural comparative

approach test western ideas in other cultures

indigenous

approach based on constructs relevant to that culture

Self report inventories

objective tests used to assess personality

projective

test taker is presented with an ambiguous item and is asked to provide an interpretation.

Anthropomorphizing

projecting human qualities onto animals

physical development

growth and changes in the body and brain

cognitive development

growth and changes in thinking

Lifespan development

physical, cognitive and psychosocial changes that occur from conception to death

psychosocial development

growth and changes in emotions, personality, and social relationship

Normative approach

study of large numbers of people at different ages to determine when most people reach development milestones

developmental milestones

specific normative events that individuals tend to reach at certain ages

continuous development

development is a cumulative process

discounts development

development occurs in stages

psychological

Erik Erikson proposed the 8 stages of ____development

schemata

concepts that are used to categorize information

assimilation

using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

accommodation

adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

object permanence

object continuous to exist even when they cannot be seen

egocentrism

viewing from ones own perspective failing to recognize another’s perspective

conservation

awareness that altering an objects appearance does not change its basic properties

Moral

Kohlberg proposed the stages of ___ moral development

prenatal development

the stage of development that begins with fertilization and ends with birth

3 periods of prenatal development

1) germinal 2) embryonic 3) fetal stages

zygote

fertilized egg

teratogen

environmental agent that causes damage to the development embryo/fetus

newborn reflexes

inborn automatic responses to particular forms pf stimulation

motor skills

ability to move the body and manipulate objects

gross motor skills

movement involving larger muscle group

fine motor skills

coordination of small movements

examples of cognitive development

ability to problem solve & communicate

theory of mind

other people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs which are different and sometimes false

attachment

emotional bond with someone

self concept

understanding who you are

3 attachments that Ainsworth Identified

secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and resistance attachment

4 parenting styles

authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved, permissive