KNES 253 - MIDTERM #3

what does sports psychology explore?

psychological factors that influence sport participation and performance, theories and interventions used to enhance sport performance, participation, and personal growth

what does sport psychology focus on enhancing?

well-being and performance

what is the primary focus of sport psych?

education, teaches about psychological skills and how to develop and implement them

is sport psychology clinical?

no

what are some implications for scope of practice and ethics in sports psychology?

sport psych practitioners cant treat mental illness if they are not trained to do so, they are sports psychology practitioners not psychologists

what are the different aspects of the research practitioner model?

consulting, research, teaching

what is consulting?

working with athletes and/or teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance

what is research in sports psychology?

advance the field and contribute to knowledge that can be used for evidence informed interventions

what is the function of the canadian sport psychology association?

sets and idea of what is required to practice

what is sports psychology?

field which encompasses research, teaching and consulting

what is a sports psychology practitioner?

any individual conducting applied work consulting with athletes

what is a certified mental health performance consultant?

credential one can obtain through the association of applied sport psychology and is the licensing body for consulting in N.A

what is the difference between a certified mental performance consultant and a sport psychology practitioner?

CMPC’s can work outside of the field of sports whereas sports psychology practitioners are specifically in the field of sports

what is psychological skills training? What is the role of the sports psych practitioner?

systematic and consistent practice of psychological skills for enhanced performance, role of the sports psych practitioner to educate and facilitate

what is the goal of PST?

enhance the abilities they already have not fix them

what is a key tenent of PST?

its not a magic wand, it required structured/consistence practice and must be done in advanced just like how we train physically

what is one counselling theory that has a great influence on PST?

cognitive behavioural approach

What does the cognitive behavioural approach to PST emphasize?

to make change, we must DO something, we act our way into new thoughts rather than thinking our way into new actions

what are some examples of methods supported by the cognitive behavioural approach?

goal setting, progressive muscle relaxation

What are some examples of other counselling theories that influence PST?

person centered, ACT, mindfulness

What are the phases of psychological skills training?

education, needs assessment, acquisition, practice

What is the education phase of PST?

teach about what is PST, and the mental side on performance

What is the needs assessment phase of PST?

identify strengths and weaknesses, areas for improvement, and sport specific demands of the group or individuals

What is the acquisition phase of PST?

learning the psychological skills

What is the practice phase of PST?

using a skill until it becomes automatic

what are some key psychological skills?

ability to concentrate on the right thing at the right time and maanage distractions, relaxation techniques, setting short and long term goals, visualization, building an effective team culture, debriefing and reflection

What are the two types of self talk in psychological skills?

motivational and instructional

What is a key characteristic of psychological skills?

the skills themselves lead to certain outcomes

what outcomes can psychological skills lead to?

self-awareness, emotional and arousal management, motivation, confidence

what is the strongest predictor of intervention success?

relationship between the athlete and practitioner

PST interventions should be ____________

tailored to individual needs

what is meant by PST interventions should be tailored to individual needs?

athletes need to work on different skills and different approaches to working on those skills, you need to meet the athlete where they’re at

Who should often be considered and included in an athletes PST and what role do they play?

coaches support athletes and work on their own skills in the PST

what are the characteristics of effective sport psychology practitioners?

establish trust and rapport, are knowledgable and have something concrete to offer, conduct follow-ups throughout the season, adapt to specific needs of each athlete, tailor intervention

what are formal options for PST?

group sessions or individual sessions

what are group sessions for PST?

full team together for a presentation on a given mental skill

what are individual sessions for PST?

one-on-one consulting with the practitioner and athlete

What are examples of informal options for PST?

brief contact interventions, being embedded in a team & observation

What is meant by brief contact interventions?

unplanned intervention, 15-20mins, focus on performance enhancement in the moment, reinforce what they’ve already been doing

what is meant by being embedded in a team and observation?

practitioner becomes part of athletes regular environment, systematic and holistic, present to build relationships, ethical considerations

what is meant by continuous learning?

continuous debriefing and reflection is critical for learning and behaviour change

with continuous learning what is the expectations that the athlete will leave under?

they should leave with clear understanding of how they are doing relative to goals and what their next steps are

what is stress?

physiological, cognitive, emotional, or behavioural reactions when faced with demands

when do stress responses occur?

when situation is appraised to be beyond our resources

what type of interaction is stress?

person-situation

what are the types of stress responses?

cognitive, behavioural, emotional, physiological-arousal

what are some examples of cognitive stress responses?

negative thoughts, loss of focus

what are some examples of emotional stress responses?

anger, anxiety

what are some examples of physiological stress responses?

increased body tension, heart rate, breathing rate

what are some examples of behavioural stress responses?

short temper

stressors can be _________ or __________

acute or chronic

what are the different types of stressors?

personal, sports (competitive or non-competitive), organizational, situational

what are some examples of organizational stressors?

sports politics, funding issues, making the team

what are examples of situational stressors?

important games, making a free-throw

Can we eliminate stress from sport?

no but we can think about how we have our athletes frame their understanding in relation to it

what theory describes a stress response?

cognitive motivational relational theory

who created the cognitive motivational relational theory?

Lazarus

what determines stress responses?

individuals appraisal in a situation in relation to the capability a person has

according to the cognitive motivational relational theory what are the steps of a stress response?

environmental demand, appraisal of demand, stress response, impact on performance

what is primary appraisal in a stress response?

whats at stake for you

what is secondary appraisal in a stress response?

what resources do you have

after appraisal what can we view our stressor as?

challenge or threat

what is meant by viewing a stressor as a challenge?

view it as an opportunity

what is meant by viewing a stressor as a threat?

thinking of the negative outcomes

Which of the two is more likely to be successful:

1. an individual who views a stressor as a challenge

2. an individual who views a stressor as a threat

individual who views a stressor as a challenge

what two types of impact can a stressor or stress response have on performance?

facilitative or debilitative

what is meant by a facilitative impact on performance?

helps performance, challenge

what is meant by a debilitative impact on performance?

harms performance, threat

what is arousal?

physiological and psychological activation that varies on a continuum

arousal on its own is not _____ or ________-

positive or negative, we interpret it

is arousal good or bad?

its neither good nor bad, it depends on what you need as an athlete

what is anxiety?

a negative emotion in reaction to perceived stress concerning performance under pressure, situation specific

what can anxiety manifest as ?

cognitive or somatic

what is meant by anxiety manifesting as cognitive? What are examples?

worried thoughts or lack of concentration

what is meant by anxiety manifesting as somatic?

phsyiologically expressed

what are the two types of anxiety?

state and trait

what is trait anxiety?

general pre-disposition to respond with anxiety

what is state anxiety?

acute anxiety in the moment

how can anxiety be thought of in the sports context, whats an example?

competition anxiety

does anxiety have a negative impact on performance?

it is perceived as a negative emotion but doesn’t always have a negative impact

does anxiety in the context of a sport psych practitioner require a referral to deal with?

no because it is subclinical, we are talking about competition anxiety

what is meant by an individualized zone of optimal functioning?

individual variance in how athletes interpret anxiety in relation to their performance

can negative emotions facilitate and debilitate performance?

yes

can positive emotions facilitate and debilitate performance?

yes

what is IZOF linked to?

self-awareness

is an individuals zone of optimal functioning a certain point at which they perform best?

no it is a range depending on the athlete and what they’re being asked to do

what is emotion?

organized psychphysiological reaction to ongoing relationships with the environment, most often, but not always interpersonal or social

what is Lazarus’s opinion in regards to stress, emotion, and anxiety?

suggests that stress and emotion should be considered together

what is lazarus more focused on?

emotion

What is the purpose of knowing someones emotions?

tells you that they’re stressed and much more

if a emotion is considered negative does that mean it will negatively impact performance?

not always

what is emotion known as?

a __________________

fleeting state

what are some emotions in response to stress?

anxiety, fear, anger, guilt, relief, happiness

can emotions be both facilitative and debilitative?

yes

what are some negative impacts on performance when discussing emotions?

muscle tension, fatigue, coordination, attention and concentration disruption, negative self statements, decreased motivation

how can fear positively impact performance? What are the three main things it impacts?

direct attention and effort, increases effort and preparation, determines decisions around risk taking

how does fear direct attention and effort?

ensures respect for the situation and ensure a safe course of action is taken

How can fear impact your decision to avoid taking a risk?

sometimes risk is not taken to preven injury

When a risk is taken it ________________

depends on the situation

How does fear impact your decision to make a risk and not avoid it?

if a risk is taken it is calculated and a lot is done prior to the competition to manage