Exam 1 BIOL 351

Everything you need to know for Exam 1

Define Chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy, electrons, and carbon from the oxidation of ORGANIC compounds

Chemical energy released during catabolism of the organic compounds is conserved throught the generation of what?

ATP

How do chemoorganotrophs generate ATP?

Through Fermentation and Respiration

What is Fermentation

An anaerobic process that functions without a terminal electron acceptor

How is ATP produced in fermentation?

Via substrate-level phosphorylation since a terminal electron acceptor isn’t needed

What is Redox Balance?

Means keeping electron carriers like NAD+ continuously recycled between used and new states so the cell’s energy production doesn’t stop

In fermentation how is redox balance maintained.

Maintained by passing electrons to an endogenous organic compound derived from the substance

Respiration

An oxidative pathway that uses a electron transport chain (ETC) in a membrane to generate a proton motive forceI

In respiraton how is ATP made

Via oxidative phosphorylation

Aerobic Respiration

Uses O2 as the terminal electron acceptorAna

Anaerobic Respiration

Uses anything other than oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

What are photoautotrophs?

Organisms that convert light into chemical energy, or ATP, and make inorganic carbon dioxide into organic compounds for cell growth

Carbon source for Photoautotrophs.

Carbon Dioxide

Two types of photoautotrophs

Oxygenic and AnoxygenicO

Oxygenic Photoautotrophs vs Anoxygenic Photoautotrophs

Oxygenic: Use water as primary electron donor and produce oxygen as byproduct

Anoxygenic: Use something else as electron donor and produces no oxygen

Heterotrophs

Use organic compounds as their carbon source

Autotrophs

Use inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide for the carbon source

Are chemoorganotrophs Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs

Are chemlithotrophs Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

Autotrophs

Free Energy Change (Delta G)

measures the amount of energy released or consumed during a reaction

Endergonic

Require an input of energy. Delta G is positive (+)

Exergonic

a chemical reaction that releases free energy. Delta G is negative (—)

Molecules that primarily function as electron carrier.

NAD+ and NADH+

NADP+ and NADPH

FAD and FADH2

Ferredoxin

What molecule doesn’t function as electron carrier

ATP

What are examples of Anabolic processes?

GluconeogenesisWhat

What are examples of Catabolic Processes?

Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle (also known as TCA Cycle)

Fermentation vs Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic uses a electron transport chain and a terminal electron acceptor

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Both use electron transport chain but aerobic uses oxygen while anaerobic doesnt use oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

What allows bacteria to attach to surfaces?

Fimbriae (or pili): located outside the cell that allow it to stick to surfaces or other cells

The bacterial structure that facilitates genetic exchange between cells is called?

Pilus - a protein appendage used to transfer genetic material between cells during conjugation

The bacterial storage material that is synthesized when carbon is in excess is called what?

PHB (poly-B-hydroxybutyrate)

A highly branched polysaccharide made of glucose molecules used for energy is called?

Gylcogen - Serves as a reservoir for carbon and energy inside the cell cytoplasm

Structure that allows bacteria to be buoyant?

Gas Vesicle

Structure that allows bacteria to orient within a magnetic field are called?

Magnetosomes

Dormant cells resistant to heat and lack of nutrient are called?

Endospores

Bacteria moves in response to chemical is called?

Chemotaxis - movement of a cell toward a chemical attractant or repellent

Bacteria moves in respond to light called?

Phototaxis

Bacteria movement that is smooth, straight forward motion called?

Run - a straight forward movement caused by ccw rotation of flagella

Bacteria movement in which the cell stops and jiggles because the motor rotates cw is called?

Tumble - a momentary stop and change in direction

Folded internal membranes found in mitochondria are called?

cristae

Molecule that cells use to conserve energy and convert it into a form that can do work?

ATP

Processes that requires electron transport chain?

Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Elements needed to synthesize molecules?

Carbon and Nitrogen

Universal catabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

What are the fundamental requirements all cells have?

Water, Carbon, Free Energy, Reducing Power

Process plants and autotrophs use to make carbohydrates?

Calvin Cycle

Glycolysis Produces what?

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

Macromolecule that enzymes are made of?

Protein

Organisms that get energy from chemical reactions are called?

Chemotrophs

Process that directs electron flow from electron donors to electron acceptors?

Redox ReactionsPri

Primary Producers synthesize organic material from inorganic carbon?

Autotrophs

Enzyme with an energy rich thioester bond?

Acetly-CoA

What is used to catalyze the first step of the Calvin Cycle?

RubisCO

What structure helps microbes maintain buoyancy?

Gas Vesicles

What kind of link does Archaea have? Ester or Ether

Ether link

What kind of link do Bacteria and Eukarya have? Ester or Ether

Ester Link

What’s the primary purpose of Fermentation?

To reoxidize NADH back to NAD+ by transferring electrons to pyruvate

What helps see two object more clearly when using a microscope?

Resolution

What are inclusions?

Structures used by bacteria to store energy, carbon, or inorganic nutrients. An example is glycogen

What happens when a molecule is oxidized?

It loses an electronWh

What happens when a molecule is reduced?

It gains an electron

Lag Phase

Cells are making essential enzymes and metabolites to adapt to new conditions

Exponential Phase

Bacterial cells adapt to their environment and divide at a constant rate, and double their population

Stationary Phase

The rate of cell division is the same as the rate of cell death due to nutrient depletion D

Death Phase

All the nutrients are used up and toxic waster accumulates, and the rate of cell death exceeds the rate of new cell production

How does the proton motive force affect electron transport?

During electron transport protons (H+) are pumped across inner membrane and as they flow back into the cell through ATP synthase, the kinetic energy is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. Without pmf, synthase loses its driving power which would make it unable to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

How do photoautotrophs obtain energy and Carbon?

Obtain energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide

Cell envelope consists of what?

Cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and Capsule

What is selective medium?

contain agents that inhibit the growth of unwanted microbes while allowing specific target organisms to grow

What is Differential medium

Contains an indicator that allows different species to be distinguished from one another based on their distinct metabolic behaviors or chemical reactions

What are enriched mediums?

Medium made with complex nutrient additions to support the growth of fastidious (naturally demanding) organisms

What is general purpose medium?

A basic nutrient formulation that supports the growth of a wide variety of non fastidious microbes without restricting or differentiating any specific types

What does a bacterial cell wall do for the cell?

Maintain cell shape, protect cell from lysis, and provide structural support

Nonpolar molecules pass the cell membrane through what type of transport?

Simple diffusion

Free energy change (Delta G) is used to predict what?

Whether a reaction is spontaneous or not

Exergonic vs Endergonic in terms of spontaneous or not

Exergonic (—) is spontaneous

Endergonic (+) is non spontaneous

What do gram positive bacteria cells contain?

Thick peptidoglycan, Cytoplasmic membrane, Ribosomes

What do gram negative bacteria cells contain?

Outer membrane, periplasm, thin peptidoglycan layer, porins, cytoplasmic membrane, and ribosomes

How does an endospore help a cell?

An endospore helps a bacterium survive extreme environmental stress by acting as a resistant, dormant structure.

What features do Bacteria have?

No nucleus, no mitochondria, do contain DNA and RNA, and do have Ribosomes and cytoplasmic membrane and have a peptidoglycan.

What features do Archaea have

No nucleus, no mitochondria, do contain DNA and RNA, do have ribosomes, and cytoplasmic membrane

sides of the DNA backbone are held together by what?

Phosphodiester bonds between sugars and phosphate groups

Oxidative phosphorylation does what?

Generates ATP using a proton gradient, Generates more ATP than substrate-level phosphorylation, uses terminal electron acceptorW

hat can a photolithoautotroph do?

Use light as an energy source, use inorganic compounds as electron donors, and use carbon dioxide as primary carbon source

Citric acid cycle in bacteria

C.A.C takes place in the cytoplasm, the final step is electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor, and Acetyl-CoA is a substrate

Yeast Fermentation

uses an endogenous organic molecule as the terminal electron acceptor

ATP function

Acts as an energy shuttle between energy releasing and energy requiring reactions

Electron microscopy has better what than light microscopy

Resolution

What do endospores do?

Enable organisms to endure extremes of temperature, drying, and nutrient depletion

What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes

Serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins, involved in bioenergetics reactions and transports, and a site for energy conservation

What is used by chemoorganotroph for energy?

C2H3O2-, an organic compound

Why is rRNA useful for studying phylogenetic relationships

It’s highly conserved

Change in free energy helps determine…

whether there will be a requirement or production of energy

How does the proton motive force lead to production of ATP

Translocation of 3-4 protons drives the F0 component of ATPase which phosphorylates ADP into ATP

During electron transport chain what happens to OH and H

Protein pimps protons to the outside of the cell. and hydroxly ions (OH—) accumulate on the inside

The two strands of DNA double helix are held together by what?

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.

What does an OPERON do?

It allows coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokarytoes

Transfer RNA

convert mRNA information to amino acid sequence. Function to transfer the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

mRNA

Carry information to ribsome

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

catalytic and structural ribosome components