GU system

Anuria

Output less than 100ml/24 hours

Oliguria

Diminished output; 100-400mL

Polyuria

Excessive urine output (diuresis)

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Dysuria

Pain on urination, difficulty voiding, burning sensation

Proteinuria

Protein in urine

Ketonuria

Ketones in urine

Nocturia

Frequency of urination at night

Enuresis

Involuntary voiding

Purpose of the GU system

Filters blood of waste products, removes waste products through urination, regulates ph through movement of sodium and potassium

Role of the kidneys

Remove waste products and renally cleared medications from the body, regulate fluid balance in the body, releasse hormones to regulate blood pressure, secrete ERYTHROPOIETIN in response to decrease in oxygen, increase RBC production

Role of nephrons

Filtering units in the kidneys, consists of small ball of capillaries called glomerulus, urea and water get filtered and form urine, leaves the kidney through ureters to exit the bladder

Role of ureters

Narrow tubes carrying urine from kidney to bladder, small amounts of urine move through every 10-15 minutes

Role of the bladder

Triangle shaped hollow organ in lower abdomen, can relax and expand for urine storage

Role of the urethra

Tube that allows urine to exit the body

Vincents Curtsey

Squatting on the heel, crossing the legs, flexing the pelvic floor muscles while performing a curtsy maneuver

Developmental Consideration of Infants

Kidneys begin in 9-12 weeks

Less ability to concentrate/dilute urine

Developmental considerations in children

Incontinence, night wetting, UTIs

Developmental considerations of males

Urethra 20-21 cm, slit is vertical, through the prostate gland, has reproductive function

Developmental considerations of females

Urethra 3.5cm

Suprapubic pain

From the rectum, colon, bladder, prostate

Flank pain

From the kidney radiating down the lower abdomen from the ureter

Periumbilical pain

From the small bowel, appendix, proximal colon

Appendix pain

RLQ

Epigastric pain

From the stomach, duodenum, pancreas

Right upper quadrant pain from

gall bladder, bilary tree, liver

COLDSPA

Character, onset, location, duration, severity, pattern, associated factors

Order for GU system

Inspect, ausculate, percussion, palpation

What sound is heard over most of abdomen

TympanicWh

Abnormal sounds over bladder

Dullness

How much can the bladder hold

450cc (2 cups)U

Urge to urinate occurs at _____ cc

150-250

How many hours can the bladder hold

2-5

What does brown urine mean

Muscle damage, severe dehydration, medication, diet

What does pink or red urine mean

Blood in urine

Causes of acute renal failure

Obstruction ,dehydration, meds

Chronic Renal Failiure

Hypertension, DM

Causes of kidney stones

Diet, heredity

High risk populations for UTI

Sexually active women, post menopausal women, individuals with diabetes mellitus, individuals with indwelling catherters, elderly

Stress incontinence is most common in ___

Women (urine leaks with coughing, sneezing, and laughing)

Overflow incontinence

Inability to empty bladder, dribble urine almost constantly, can be due to DM, prostate issues, damaged bladders

Who is overflow continence most common in

Older men with prostate issues

Reflex continence

Symptoms the same as urge continence but due to spinal or neurological trauma

Urge incontinence

Overactive muscles cause spasms, sudden and intense urge to urinate, sudden loss of urine

Functional incontinence

Normal urge to urinate but physical ailments prevent the person from making it successfully to bathroom on time

U/A and C/S

Cleanse from front to back with peri wipe, clean catch, straight catheter, obtaining C&S from catheter

24 hour urine

Tests for kidney function, have pt void in the am/ discard/ record time

Collect every bit of urine for 24 hours, have patient coid right before 24 hour ends

Less than _____ indicates kidney failure

30cc

What is the normal pH range

4.6-8

What consittuents are in normal urine

Urea, uric acid, creatinine

What constituents are abdonmal in urine

Blood, pus, albumin, glucose, ketones, bacteria, bile