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Jose Maria Morelos
revolutionary priest who assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 rebellion and subsequent executio
Virgin of Guadalupe
First discovered by an indigenous convert in Mexico 1531; Church finally acknowedges this as patron saint of New Spain 1754
Viceroy (Viceroyalty)
A direct representative of the king
caudillo politics (caudillismo)
a system of leadership and political power based on allegiance to a "strongman." It emerged in Latin America following the era of decolonization from Spain.
Conquest of the Desert
an Argentine military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca during the 1870s and 1880s with the intention of establishing dominance over Patagonia, inhabited primarily by indigenous peoples.
Latin America
Refers to 4 sub regions : Mexico, Central America, Carribean, South America
Liberals vs
Oligarchic consensus (secular state, merchant/capitalist elite dominated, federalist government, Commercialization of agriculture, outward-outlooking culturally which involves foreign (US/European) cultures)
cultural syncretism
when distinct aspects of different cultures blend togehter to make something new and unique
creole
Spanish people born in the New World (Americas); inferior to Spainards straight from the motherland
secularism
the principle of seperation of the state from religious institutions
mercantilism
a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices
Domingo Sarmiento
Argentina's President from 1868-74, Author of Facundo: Civilization or Barbarism, the Life of Juan Facundo Quiroga (1845)
Juan Manuel de Rosas
("Restorer of Laws") Rules from 1829-52,first as Governor of Buenos Aires, then as President ofArgentina, Exiled to Britain in 1852 when faced with a gathering invasion force by the Brazilians
Lopez de Santa Anna
In 1829, he fought against Spain's attempt to reconquer Mexico, and he became known as the Hero of Tampico
Simon Bolivar
A member of Venezuela's creole elite whofought for American self-rule
Miguel Hildalgo
Mexico's leader for Independence
San Martin
an Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).
Mapuche
An indigenous group whose range spanned across Southern Argentina/Andes up to Central Chile
patria chica
"small hometown"; refers to affilation with local entities like villages, regions, and ethnic groups
patria grande
"great homeland"; concept of a shared homeland or community encompassing all of Spanish america
caudillo
male,landowner and/or military figure, typically Creole, charismatic, affliction towards violence/coercion to achieve ends
gaucho
Itinerant farm hands; Spanish and mestizo background
vs Conservatives
Catholic Church, Patriarchal relations, valorization of "local culture", strong central government (authoritarian), landed class & and artisan dominated, greater support for "corporate owned" properties
Civilization vs Barbarism
(Urban, Secular, European values, "whiteness" (order)) vs (Rural, Religious, Provincial values, "darkness" (disorder))
mestizo
European + Indian; 2nd within class hierarchy
mulato
African + European; 3rd within class hierarchy
peninsular
Spainard born in Spain residing in the New World
