POL 214 - Modern Latin America Quiz 1 study guide

Jose Maria Morelos

revolutionary priest who assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement after Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 rebellion and subsequent executio

Virgin of Guadalupe

First discovered by an indigenous convert in Mexico 1531; Church finally acknowedges this as patron saint of New Spain 1754

Viceroy (Viceroyalty)

A direct representative of the king

caudillo politics (caudillismo)

a system of leadership and political power based on allegiance to a "strongman." It emerged in Latin America following the era of decolonization from Spain.

Conquest of the Desert

an Argentine military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca during the 1870s and 1880s with the intention of establishing dominance over Patagonia, inhabited primarily by indigenous peoples.

Latin America

Refers to 4 sub regions : Mexico, Central America, Carribean, South America

Liberals vs

Oligarchic consensus (secular state, merchant/capitalist elite dominated, federalist government, Commercialization of agriculture, outward-outlooking culturally which involves foreign (US/European) cultures)

cultural syncretism

when distinct aspects of different cultures blend togehter to make something new and unique

creole

Spanish people born in the New World (Americas); inferior to Spainards straight from the motherland

secularism

the principle of seperation of the state from religious institutions

mercantilism

a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices

Domingo Sarmiento

Argentina's President from 1868-74, Author of Facundo: Civilization or Barbarism, the Life of Juan Facundo Quiroga (1845)

Juan Manuel de Rosas

("Restorer of Laws") Rules from 1829-52,first as Governor of Buenos Aires, then as President ofArgentina, Exiled to Britain in 1852 when faced with a gathering invasion force by the Brazilians

Lopez de Santa Anna

In 1829, he fought against Spain's attempt to reconquer Mexico, and he became known as the Hero of Tampico

Simon Bolivar

A member of Venezuela's creole elite whofought for American self-rule

Miguel Hildalgo

Mexico's leader for Independence

San Martin

an Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

Mapuche

An indigenous group whose range spanned across Southern Argentina/Andes up to Central Chile

patria chica

"small hometown"; refers to affilation with local entities like villages, regions, and ethnic groups

patria grande

"great homeland"; concept of a shared homeland or community encompassing all of Spanish america

caudillo

male,landowner and/or military figure, typically Creole, charismatic, affliction towards violence/coercion to achieve ends

gaucho

Itinerant farm hands; Spanish and mestizo background

vs Conservatives

Catholic Church, Patriarchal relations, valorization of "local culture", strong central government (authoritarian), landed class & and artisan dominated, greater support for "corporate owned" properties

Civilization vs Barbarism

(Urban, Secular, European values, "whiteness" (order)) vs (Rural, Religious, Provincial values, "darkness" (disorder))

mestizo

European + Indian; 2nd within class hierarchy

mulato

African + European; 3rd within class hierarchy

peninsular

Spainard born in Spain residing in the New World