Immunity and the Immune System Chp. 1

fill in the blank vocab not included

The 15th-century practice used in China and Turkey to protect against disease by inhaling powders from smallpox scabs was called __.

variolation

Edward Jenner's cowpox inoculation provided protection against smallpox and is an early example of an __ vaccine.

attenuated

Pasteur showed that old bacterial cultures can lose virulence, illustrating the concept of an __ vaccine.

attenuated vaccine

Humoral immunity is guided by and that produce antibodies.

B lymphocytes and plasma cells

Cellular immunity is carried out by __ that activate phagocytes and kill infected or abnormal cells.

T lymphocytes

Innate immunity provides immediate defense and has no __, unlike adaptive immunity.

memory

Innate mechanisms include physical barriers, chemical defenses, and a __ response.

cellular

Adaptive immunity develops in response to a specific exposure to a __.

pathogen antigen

B lymphocytes mature in the __.

bone marrow

T lymphocytes mature in the __.

thymus

The two primary lymphoid organs are the and the .

bone marrow and thymus

The four secondary lymphoid organs are the __, __, __, and __.

spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, CALT

The cortex of a lymph node contains B cell __ that can form germinal centers.

follicles

The medulla of a lymph node houses plasma cells and __ that phagocytose debris.

macrophages

Primary follicles lack a __ and represent a reservoir of naive B cells.

germinal center

Secondary follicles contain a __ where B cells proliferate and differentiate.

germinal center

Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers are commonly detected with __ labeled antibodies.

fluorescently

Natural killer (NK) cells are identified by surface markers and .

CD16 and CD56

NK cells do not require __ presentation through MHC molecules for activation.

antigen

Cytotoxic T cells are designated as __ and directly kill infected or abnormal cells.

CD8+ T cells

Helper T cells regulate immune responses through __ production.

cytokine

Dendritic cells are specialized __ that present processed antigen to naive T lymphocytes.

APCs

Dendritic cells migrate to nearby __ to present the processed antigen to naive T lymphocytes.

lymph nodes

MALT stands for __ and lines mucosal surfaces such as the GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract.

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

CALT is found in the skin and provides immune surveillance against antigens attempting to penetrate the __.

skin

The white pulp of the spleen is rich in __, the sites where immune responses to antigens are initiated.

lymphocytes

B cells secrete __ after activation to neutralize pathogens.

antibodies

T cells generate immunologic __, enabling faster responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

memory

Dendritic cells present processed antigen to naive T lymphocytes in the __.

lymph nodes