unit 1 test - AP euro

A set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the lecture notes on European history, covering the Late Middle Ages, Italian and Northern Renaissance, New Monarchies, Age of Exploration, and the Commercial Revolution.

Middle Ages

The Christian era or era of the Church occurring between classical Roman civilization and the Renaissance, characterized by Roman contributions, Germanic peoples, and the Church.

Avignon Papacy

A period from 1309 to 1371 in Church history during which Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales.

Pope Clement VI

The pope who initiated the practice of selling indulgences.

Lollards

English supporters of John Wycliffe who advocated for preaching in the vernacular, clerical poverty, and placing religious authority in morality and merit over rank and title.

Hussites

Bohemian and Greek followers of John Huss who questioned the validity of transubstantiation and sacraments performed by immoral priests.

Getto

A word meaning 'foundry', referring to the 1516 Venetian neighborhood with an abandoned copper foundry where Jews were permitted to live and ultimately enclosed.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which scholars, philosophers, and artists looked back to the roots of classical Greco-Roman culture.

Condottieri

Military brokers through whom wealthy despots ruling Italian city-states obtained mercenary armies.

Realism/Rationalism

A Renaissance focus on understanding events through realistic interpretation based on evidence and reason rather than classical polytheism.

Idealism

The belief that perfection should be possible and that all efforts should aim toward achieving perfection.

Individualism

The belief in self and in the ability of an individual to accomplish whatever he sets his mind to become.

Secularism

A shift in thought, action, and education toward the needs and desires of man, focusing on creating a 'heaven on earth' while remaining largely devout Catholic.

Christian Humanism

A Northern Renaissance movement beginning in the late 15th/early 16th century that emphasized early church writings to reform the church and improve society.

New Monarchs

Rulers in France, England, and Spain who consolidated power by reducing noble and clerical influence, creating standing mercenary armies, and centralizing national government.

Reconquista

The campaign led by Ferdinand and Isabella that christianized Spain.

Louis XI "Spider King"

The French king who expanded France by defeating Charles the Bold of Burgundy, created a national postal system, established the silk industry, and expanded the army.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

An agreement made in 1516 that granted the King of France the power to appoint bishops.

Taille

A French property tax used to finance and expand the military.

War of the Roses (1455-1477)

A civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster over the English crown, ending in a Lancaster victory and the establishment of the Tudor Dynasty.

Peace of Augsburg

An agreement that allowed individual German states within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors who extracted gold and silver through forced labor in the New World.

Haciendas

Large plantations in the Spanish colonies set up by peninsulares and creoles.

Columbian Exchange

The trans-Atlantic movement and exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and species between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Encomienda

A New World economic system where native manual labor was granted by the Spanish crown to landowners forcedly.

Repartimiento

A system requiring adult male native Indians to devote a set number of days of labor each year to Spanish economic enterprises.

Debt Peonage

A system where native Indian laborers were forced to purchase goods from landowners, placing them in permanent debt.

Spanish Price Revolution

A period of rapid inflation caused by the massive influx of precious materials such as gold, silver, and spices into Europe.

Renaissance

A cultural and intellectual revival in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, characterized by a renewed interest in classical antiquity.

Printing Press

A revolutionary invention by Johannes Gutenberg that enabled the mass production of books, greatly facilitating the spread of knowledge during the Renaissance.

Machiavellianism

A political theory derived from the works of Niccolò Machiavelli, emphasizing cunning, pragmatism, and a focus on results over ethics in governance.

Counter-Reformation

The period of Catholic revival initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, marked by reformed practices and renewed church authority.

Northern Renaissance

A cultural and artistic movement in Northern Europe characterized by a focus on realism and intricate detail, differing from the Italian Renaissance.

Civic Humanism

A philosophy that emphasizes the importance of active participation in public life and the promotion of the common good.

The Medici Family

A powerful and influential banking family in Florence, known for their patronage of the arts and their role in the Renaissance.

Baroque Art

An artistic style that emerged in the 17th century, characterized by dramatic expressions, vivid colors, and grandeur.

Ottoman Empire

A vast and influential empire that spanned parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa from the 14th to the early 20th century.

Scientific Revolution

A period from the 16th to the 18th century marked by advances in scientific thought and the emergence of modern science.

Avignon Papacy

A period from 1309 to 1371 in Church history during which Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales.

Pope Clement VI

The pope who initiated the practice of selling indulgences.

Lollards

English supporters of John Wycliffe who advocated for preaching in the vernacular, clerical poverty, and placing religious authority in morality and merit over rank and title.

Hussites

Bohemian and Greek followers of John Huss who questioned the validity of transubstantiation and sacraments performed by immoral priests.

Getto

A word meaning 'foundry', referring to the 1516 Venetian neighborhood with an abandoned copper foundry where Jews were permitted to live and ultimately enclosed.

Condottieri

Military brokers through whom wealthy despots ruling Italian city-states obtained mercenary armies.

Realism/Rationalism

A Renaissance focus on understanding events through realistic interpretation based on evidence and reason rather than classical polytheism.

Idealism

The belief that perfection should be possible and that all efforts should aim toward achieving perfection.

Individualism

The belief in self and in the ability of an individual to accomplish whatever he sets his mind to become.

Secularism

A shift in thought, action, and education toward the needs and desires of man, focusing on creating a 'heaven on earth' while remaining largely devout Catholic.