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What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Regulates membrane fluidity based on temperature.
What are transmembrane proteins?
Span the entire lipid bilayer, acting as channels or carriers.
What is the role of cell recognition via glycoproteins?
Cell identification via glycoproteins.
How do molecules move during passive transport?
From high to low concentration, without energy input.
What is Osmosis?
Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.
What are channel proteins?
Transmembrane proteins allowing specific ions/molecules to cross.
What is Endocytosis?
Import of substances via vesicles.
What is the basic structure of the cell membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer with selectively permeable properties.
What does the fluid mosaic model describe the membrane as?
A fluid combination of phospholipids, proteins, and other molecules.
What factors does membrane fluidity depend on?
Type of phospholipids present and amount of embedded cholesterol.
What are integral membrane proteins?
Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer, involved in transporting molecules across
What are peripheral membrane proteins?
Not embedded in the membrane, loosely bound to the surface, cell-to-cell recognition.
What are transmembrane proteins?
Embedded proteins that span the width of a membrane.
What are some functions of membrane proteins?
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions, signal receptors bind to ligands, cells transport ions and molecules.
What is a key characteristic of passive transport?
No energy input required; molecules move from high to low concentration.
What is required for active transport?
Energy input required; molecules move from low to high concentration.
What type of molecules move via simple diffusion?
Small, hydrophobic molecules diffuse directly through the membrane.
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is tonicity?
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
What is an isotonic solution?
Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell; no net water movement.
What happens in a hypertonic solution?
Exterior solute concentration is greater than inside the cell; cell loses water.
What happens in a hypotonic solution?
Exterior solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water.
What is osmoregulation?
The control of solute concentrations and water balance.
What is facilitated diffusion?
H2O, ions, and polar molecules cross with the help of channel or carrier proteins.
What are protein channels?
Transmembrane proteins that allow specific ions or molecules to pass.
What are carrier proteins?
Proteins that change shape to transport molecules across the membrane.
What is the role of active transport?
Move substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.
What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?
Moves Na+ and K+ ions up their concentration gradients.
Why is the Na+/K+ pump important?
Essential for muscle contractions, neuron firings, kidney filtering, and more.
What is endocytosis?
Cell brings substances inside via vesicles.
What is phagocytosis?
Cell engulfs a large particle and digests it.
What is pinocytosis?
Cell ingests droplets of fluid from its environment.
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Acquires specific molecules via binding to membrane proteins.
What is exocytosis?
Substances released out of cell via vesicles.