AP US History Period 4

Second Great Awakening

Religious movement that began in the early decades of the 19th century. Reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In the northern states it touched off social reform.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

market revolution

Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods.

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson won this in 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.

Jacksonian Democracy

Universal Male (white) Suffrage. The first major opening up of American suffrage (voting rights) by Jackson's new Democratic Party in 1830s. Franchise extended to all white men (not just rich white men). Achieved by state legislation not constitutional amendment.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Nullification Crisis

In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina (Force bill).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.

cotton gin

This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from plant fibers. It expanded the institution of slavery

Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts

mass production employing interchangeable parts; Whitney first put it into practice, who was known for his cotton gin; wanted to be able to produce great numbers of muskets quickly; made it possible for owners of damaged objects to send away to a factory for the needed part, confident that the new one would precisely substitute for the old

War Hawks

Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

William Lloyd Garrison

Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Lucretia Mott

Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity

After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.

Sectionalism: The North

Largely urban population that worked in factories; favored tariffs, manufacture, bankers. Laborers: immigrants, young girls in factories

Industrial Northeast

this region had initially centered on the textile industry, but by the 1830s it was producing many different products

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

Agricultural Northwest

NW sold most of its products to residents in NE and were dependent on the Eastern consumers. East sold things to west. Economic relationship profitable for both- increasing isolation of the south in the union. NW production by expanding the area of settlement and adopting new agricultural techniques: reduced labor needs, farmers cultivated new varieties of seeds, imported better breeds of animals, improved tools and machines.

Sectionalism: The South

Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.

King Cotton

Cotton becomes the new cash crop in the South. Driving force of Southern economy

Sectionalism: The West

Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.

Whigs

Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Impressment

Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.

Frances Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay; prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30. Admitted Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) as states. Increased sectional feelings

King Andrew the First

Jackson's nickname because he went veto-crazy and acted as somewhat of a tyrant.

Bank Veto (1832)

Clay ran against Jackson for President in 1832 and tried to make the national bank a campaign issue. Jackson responded by vetoing the congressional bill to support the bank. Recall, Jackson said, "The bank is trying to kill me (end my chances for re-election) but I will kill it!." Rich bankers (many who were former Federalists) created the Whig Party because they were angry with they were angered by Jackson's bank veto. The average American, however, loved the way Jackson stood up against the rich and powerful. Jackson won re-election easily!

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

American System

Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of:

Lowell Factory System

The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. Essentially copied Declaration of Independence.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience (On Civil Disobedience) when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Trail of Tears

In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected.

Panic 1837

Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.

Martin Van Buren

Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.

Tecumseh

He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.

The Embargo Act of 1807

Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.

Macon's Bill no. 2

Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Florida Purchase Treaty. Gave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens. Gave up claims to Texas

Old Hickory

Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing but hurt the south.

Force Bill

Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.

Increased Voter Turnout

-elimination of landownership,
-increased news circulation,
-increased education/literacy
-changes to candidate selection

Henry Clay

Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks.

Results of the War of 1812

-American cultural Nationalism
-Patriotism
-War Heroes
-Death of the Federalist Party

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." It was the first peaceful transition of power between political parties

Midnight Appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law. Essentially, states cannot tax a federal entity.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government, specifically Congress

The Panic of 1819

inflation and land speculation destabilizing the economy - people couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank.
Banks closed. Unemployment high, bankruptcies

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks". This resulted in the Panic of 1837.

Spoils System

A system of public employment (government offices) based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. He prompted the growth of American artists and culture.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Rev. Charles Finney

One of the most important leaders of the Second Great Awakening. He was against alcohol and supported women's involvement including preaching.

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon. He was murdered by an angry mob who was persecuting him for his beliefs.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Transportation Revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

1824

Communal Experiments

Shakers, Amana Colonies, Brook Farm, Oneida Community

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.