Sports Science Y2 Sem 1

Specificity means training should:

a) use random variation

b) include many unrelated activities

c) mimic the movement and skills required for performance

d) always include maximal loads

c) mimic the movement and skills required for performance

Base, build, and competition mesocycles together form:

a) a macrocycle

b) a microcycle

c) a taper

d) a transition block

a) a macrocycle

Variation in responders is most strongly influenced by:

a) shoe choice

b) genetics

c) sleep only

d) age alone

b) genetics

A “high responder” is an athlete who:

a) responds only during taper

b) shows no change despite high training load

c) shows large improvements from a given training dose

d) only improves with genetic testing

c) shows large improvements from a given training dose

High responders and low responders highlight the need for:

a) no testing

b) identical training plans

c) excluding data collection

d) individualized monitoring

d) individualized monitoring

Which is the most reliable indicator of overtraining syndrome (OTS):

a) persistent performance decline lasting weeks to months

b) one unusually hard training session

c) elevated resting heart rate on one day

d) a single poor night of sleep

a) persistent performance decline lasting weeks to months

A runner has persistent fatigue, repeated infections, and declining performance despite rest. What is likely?

a) functional overreaching

b) glycogen supercompensation

c) altitude sickness

d) overtraining syndrome

d) overtraining syndrome

Diagnosing OTS depends primarily on:

a) athlete’s preference

b) excluding other medical causes

c) BMI

d) one-day physiological test

b) excluding other medical causesA

A program that increases intensity but reduces duration too drastically violates which principle?

a) reversibility

b) progressive overload

c) specificity

d) recovery

b) progressive overload

A macrocycle refers to:

a) a single workout

b) the entire season or year

c) two microcycles

d) a 24 hour recovery

b) the entire season or year

A microcycle is:

a) a four-year plan

b) a long-term annual plan

c) a short-term training block, typically a week

d) a sequence of mesocycles

c) a short-term training block, typically a week

Which scenario best illustrates reversibility?

a) loss of fitness after prolonged detraining

b) training variety

c) increased intensity

d) improved tapering

a) loss of fitness after prolonged detraining

An athlete begins to show signs of overtraining. How can the training program be altered to maintain an effective training adaptation?

a) decrease the rest and recovery phases

b) increase the frequency and maintain the intensity of each workout

c) increase the volume of training load by 15% each week

d) increase the frequency but drop the intensity below baseline measured values

d) increase the frequency but drop the intensity below baseline measured values

What training factor commonly leads to non-functional overreaching?

a) rapid increases in volume without recovery

b) low-load technique practice

c) lower intensity only

d) balanced programming

a) rapid increases in volume without recovery

Which of the following distinguishes overtraining syndrome from non-functional overreaching?

a) OTS only affects elites

b) OTS increased motivation

c) OTS requires a longer recovery time

d) OTS always causes muscle damage

c) OTS requires a longer recovery time

Which is an example of appropriate progressive overload for a runner?

a) eliminating long runs

b) running identical sessions every day

c) adding 5-10% weekly mileage increases

d) doubling mileage in one week

c) adding 5-10% weekly mileage increases

Correct hierarchy of cycles:

a) microcycle → macrocycle → mesocycle

b) macrocycle → microcycle → mesocycle

c) mesocycle → macrocycle → microcycle

d) microcycle → mesocycle → macrocycle

d) microcycle → mesocycle → macrocycle

Which statement best distinguishes functional from non-function overreaching?

a) non-functional overreaching requires medical treatment

b) functional overreaching leads to short-term performance decrement followed by supercompensation

c) non-functional overreaching results in immediate performance supercompensation

d) functional overreaching never decreases performance

b) functional overreaching leads to short-term performance decrease followed by supercompensation

An athlete shows performance decline despite maintained or increased training volume. Recovery takes several days to two weeks. What condition is most likely?

a) functional overreaching

b) detraining

c) non-functional overreaching

d) overtraining syndrome

c) non-functional overreaching

Non-responders typically:

a) are always overtrained

b) show minimal adaptation

c) cannot improve with any training

d) have poor motivation only

b) show minimal adaptationV

Variety helps by:

a) preventing all fatigue

b) eliminating specificity

c) removing the need for overload

d) reducing monotony

d) reducing monotony

Which is a monosaccharide?

a) sucrose

b) maltose

c) glucose

d) starch

c) glucose

Which is a polysaccharide?

a) glucose

b) maltose

c) sucrose

d) starch

d) starch

Which of the following makes up proteins?

a) fatty acids

b) monosaccharides

c) amino acids

d) triglycerides

c) amino acids

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans?

a) glycogen

b) starch

c) cellulose

d) sucrose

a) glycogen

Which of the following is most essential for oxygen transport in blood?

a) iron

b) calcium

c) sodium

d) potassium

a) iron

Which electrolyte helps maintain water balance and nerve function?

a) iron

b) calcium

c) sodium

d) vitamin D

c) sodium

Which macronutrient contributes most to growth and repair of tissues?

a) carbohydrates

b) proteins

c) lipids

d) water

b) proteins

Which macronutrient is most energy dense?

a) protein

b) carbohydrate

c) fat

d) fiber

c) fat

Which condition is a consequence of prolonged low energy availability (LEA)?

a) anemia

b) obesity

c) RED-S

d) diabetes

c) RED-S

Which strategy can reduce gastrointestinal discomfort during endurance exercise?

a) consuming large meals immediately before

b) consuming small amounts of carbohydrate during

c) avoiding fluids

d) consuming high-fat meals during exercise

b) consuming small amounts of carbohydrate during

Which of the following physiological functions involves calcium?

a) oxygen transport

b) muscle contraction

c) water balance

d) energy storage

b) muscle contraction

Which nutrient should endurance athletes prioritize prior to competition?

a) protein

b) fat

c) carbohydrate

d) vitamin

c) carbohydrate

Which macronutrient is most important for high-intensity short-duration activity?

a) fat

b) protein

c) carbohydrate

d) fiber

c) carbohydrate

Which macronutrient is primarily used in low-intensity activity?

a) fat

b) protein

c) carbohydrate

d) vitamin

a) fat

Which of these is essential amino acid?

a) leucine

b) glycine

c) alanine

d) serine

e) histidine

e) none of these are essential

f) more than one of these is essential

f) more than one of these is essential

Triglycerides consist of glycerol and:

a) two fatty acids

b) three fatty acids

c) four fatty acids

d) amino acids

b) three fatty acids

The gut microbiome influences:

a) nutrient uptake

b) heart rate

c) lung volume

d) VO2 max

a) nutrient uptake

Which micronutriet deficiency could most likely directly impair aerobic performance?

a) iron

b) sodium

c) potassium

d) calcium

a) iron

Which is true about energy system contribution?

a) all systems work simultaneously with varying contributions

b) glycolytic system works only after 30 minutes

c) only one system is active at a time

d) oxidative system is off in sprints

a) all systems work simultaneously with varying contributions

Which statement about VO2 max is correct?

a) it is the same for all sports

b) it declines with age even in trained individuals

c) it is unaffected by training

d) it is higher in untrained adults than in children

b) it declines with age even in trained individuals

What is the primary fuel for the phosphagen system?

a) glucose

b) fatty acids

c) glycogen

d) creatine phosphate

d) creatine phosphate

During a marathon, the primary energy system is:

a) phosphagen

b) anaerobic glycolysis

c) oxidative

d) glycolytic

c) oxidative

Which energy system has the highest ATP yield per glucose molecule?

a) anaerobic

b) phosphagen

c) oxidative

d) glycolytic

c) oxidative

Which of these typically has the highest VO2 max values?

a) children

b) elite endurance athletes

c) sedentary adults

d) older adults

b) elite endurance athletes

Which factor limits the oxidative system during prolonged activity?

a) creatine phosphate exhaustion

b) oxygen deficit

c) glycolysis inhibition

d) glycogen depletion

d) glycogen depletion

Which physiological adaptation raises lactate inflection point?

a) more creatine phosphate

b) large ATP stores

c) faster glycolysis

d) increased capillarization and mitochondria

d) increased capillarization and mitochondria

Which energy system synthesizes ATP anaerobically by breaking down glucose?

a) glycolytic

b) electron transport chain

c) phosphagen

d) oxidative

a) glycolytic

Which explains why endurance athletes can work longer below lactate inflection point?

a) greater ATP storage

b) higher muscle mass

c) enhanced oxidative capacity

d) larger anaerobic stores

c) enhanced oxidative capacity

Which best defines VO2 max?

a) maximum cardiac output

b) maximum oxygen uptake during exercise

c) stroke volume x heart rate

d) the point where lactate accumulation exceeds clearance

b) maximum oxygen uptake during exercise

Which variable does NOT directly influence VO2 max?

a) s*x

b) age

c) blood type

d) fitness type

c) blood type

Lactate inflection point occurs when:

a) lactate is eliminated completely from the bloodstream

b) lactate production = lactate clearance

c) ATP production stops

d) oxidative energy pathway ceases

b) lactate production = lactate clearance

Which of the following is a limitation of the phosphagen system?

a) requires mitochondria

b) produces lactate

c) depletes within a few seconds

d) requires oxygen

c) depletes within a few seconds

What typically happens as the lactate inflection point is reached?

a) ATP yield increases

b) exercise feels easier

c) VO2 max is reached

d) fatigue develops more quickly

d) fatigue develops more quickly

Which s*x difference generally influences VO2 max?

a) lactate inflection point

b) ability to have children

c) hemoglobin concentration

d) muscle fiber distribution

c) hemoglobin concentration

Which exercise would result in the greatest EPOC?

a) high-intensity interval training

b) stretching

c) light jogging

d) walking

a) high-intensity interval training

Which energy system can regenerate ATP most rapidly but in the smallest amount?

a) phosphagen

b) aerobic

c) oxidative

d) glycolytic

a) phosphagen

Which athlete benefits most from a high lactate inflection point?

a) marathoner

b) sprinter (100 m)

c) gymnast

d) shot putter

a) marathoner

The glycolytic system primarily uses which fuel?

a) creatine phosphate

b) glucose/glycogen

c) amino acids

d) fatty acids

b) glucose/glycogen

Which factor lowers VO2 max with aging?

a) reduced cardiac output

b) increased stroke volume

c) reduced lactate threshold

d) increased mitochondria

a) reduced cardiac output

What primarily happens during fast EPOC?

a) lactate removal

b) replenishing glycogen

c) core temperature regulation

d) restoring creatine phosphate

d) restoring creatine phosphate

Running economy refers to:

a) the maximal aerobic capacity

b) muscle efficiency in anaerobic conditions

c) lactate clearance

d) energy cost (efficiency) of running at a given pace

d) energy cost (efficiency) of running at a given pace

Which system recovers fastest after high-intensity exercise?

a) glycolytic

b) phospagen

c) oxidative

d) lactate shuttle

b) phosphagen

Which describes EPOC?

a) phosphagen depletion

b) anaerobic glycolysis during recovery

c) oxygen used to restore homeostasis

d) drop in VO2 after exercise

c) oxygen used to restore homeostasis

Which best explains why oxidative metabolism dominates at rest?

a) high lactate accumulation

b) sufficient oxygen availability

c) rapid ATP need

d) creatine phosphate storage

b) sufficient oxygen availbility

Which energy system dominates during a 100 m (~10 second) sprint?

a) oxidative

b) aerobic

c) glycolytic

d) phosphagen

d) phosphagen

During high-intensity bursts, the main ATP contribution is from:

a) oxidative metabolism

b) fat oxidation

c) protein breakd

What primarily occurs in slow EPOC?

a) creatine resynthesis

b) anaerobic metabolite removal

c) ATP breakdown

d) hemoglobin saturation

b) anaerobic metabolite removal

Which variable directly increases VO2 max?

a) higher BMI

b) increased fat storage

c) increased lactate threshold

d) increased stroke volume

d) increased stroke volume

Which is a benefit of the oxidative system?

a) high ATP yield

b) immediate ATP production

c) no fatigue

d) low oxygen demand

a) high ATP yield