1 history and progress of implants and biomaterials

Biomaterial

– A material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace tissue, organs, or body functions.

Biocompatibility

– The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application.

Responsive Biomaterial

– A biomaterial whose physical state is designed to have a predictable response to external environmental conditions.

Tissue-Inducing Biomaterial

– A biomaterial designed to induce the regeneration of damaged or missing tissues or organs without adding cells or bioactive factors.

Biochip

– A miniaturized array or system used to simultaneously measure multiple biological or chemical properties for diagnosis and detection.

Organoid

– Self-organized three-dimensional tissues that mimic the key functional, structural, and biological complexity of an organ.

Biomaterialomics

– The integration of computational tools, large databases, and experimental techniques to discover and design new biomaterials.

Bioink

– A cell-laden biomaterial that can be integrated into additive manufacturing to print two- and three-dimensional structures.

Osseointegration

– The process in which an implant becomes integrated with bone.

Natural Suture

– The use of large army ant heads to clamp wound edges together.

Gold Wire Ligature

– A type of ligature described by Galen of Pergamon.

Silver Wire Suture

– A suture made from silver wire used by Marion Sims in successful operations.

Aseptic Surgical Technique

– A surgical technique introduced by Joseph Lister in the 1860s that helped make surgical procedures more successful.

Nylon Suture

– A modern synthetic polymer used as a suture, with implantation reported in 1941.

First-Generation Biomaterials

– Biomaterials from the 1950s–1960s that were mainly used for industrial rather than specifically medical purposes.

Second-Generation Biomaterials

– Biomaterials designed to show a therapeutic effect after being implanted in human tissues.

Intraocular Lens

– An implant developed from the observation that Spitfire canopy plastic fragments could remain in the body without further reaction.

Sir Harold Ridley

– The person associated with the development of the intraocular lens concept.

Hip Joint Prosthesis

– An artificial hip joint using a high-molecular-weight polyethylene cup.

Artificial Kidney

– A machine used to support kidney function by removing excess water, metabolic waste, and toxic compounds from blood.

Dialysis

– A process that removes excess water, metabolic waste, and toxic compounds from blood.

Dialysate

– A basically salt solution used during dialysis to filter blood

Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart

– A plastic and metal artificial heart that was the first permanent mechanical heart implanted in a human.

Scribner-Quinton Shunt

– A device that made chronic kidney dialysis possible.

Balloon-Expandable Stent

– A stent developed to help prevent coronary restenosis after angioplasty.

Coronary Restenosis

– The re-narrowing of coronary vessels after they have been dilated.

Pacemaker

– A device used to support or regulate heart function; the first fully implantable type was developed in 1959.

Tissue Engineering

– A multidisciplinary field involving biomaterials and the development of tissue-related constructs.

Regenerative Medicine

– A field involving the regeneration and restoration of tissues or organs.

Drug Delivery

– An application of biomaterials involving the delivery of therapeutic substances.

Wound Healing

– An application of biomaterials focused on supporting the healing of damaged tissue.

Dental Treatment

– An application of biomaterials involving the treatment and restoration of dental structures.

Structural Compatibility

– A characteristic in which a biomaterial is structurally compatible with its intended biological application.

Adverse Immune Response

– An undesirable immune response that a biocompatible material should not produce in the body.

Carcinogenicity

– The ability of a material or substance to cause cancer; a biocompatible material should not be carcinogenic

Cell Adhesion

– The process in which a cell contacts, attaches to, flattens, and spreads over a substrate surfac