STEM bio unit 1

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outer most shell

Ionic bonds

Bonds between a metal and a non metal that involve the transfer of electrons to form ions

Covalent bonds

Bonds between two nonmetals with shared electron pairs that results in a molecule

Hydrogen bonds

Between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule.

Three types of covalent bonds…

Single (shares 2 electrons), double (shares 4) and triple (shares 6)

When is a atom positively or negatively charged?

Depending on the # of protons and electrons. If there are more protons, the atoms is positively charged. If the atom has more electrons, the atom is more negatively charged.

Atomic mass - atomic # =_____

# of neutrons

4 most abundant elements in living things:

1. Hydrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Carbon

4. Boron

Energy level

# of shells in a atom

Lewis dot structures

Number of valence electrons in an atom

What does pH measure?

Measures the amount of H^+ in a solution

Numbers 0-6 on the pH scale are…

Acids

Numbers 8-14 on the pH scale are…

Bases

Number 7 on the pH scale is…

Neutral

What is a molecule?

Atoms with covalent bonds

What are the 4 types of macro molecules?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Lipids

4. Nucleic acids

What is a functional group?

A group of atoms that define a marco molecule

What does condensation/dehydration do to a marco molecule?

2 molecules join together to form a larger molecule and water is a product of the joining

What does hydrosis/hydration do to a marco molecule?

A larger molecule is broken down into 2 seperate molecules, water is a reactant

What are proteins made up of?

Amino acids

How many kinds of amino acids are there?

20

True of false; proteins have a specific shape

True; allows the protein to do its specific job

Functions of proteins in humans:

1. Movement

2. Structure

3. Metabolism

4. Transport

5. Defense

What are lipids used for?

Energy in living things

True or false; lipids dissolve in water

False; they are hydrophobic

What do lipids contain?

Phosphorus

What are the 4 types of lipids?

1. Fats

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

4. Waxes

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

1. Saturated

2. Unsaturated

What do carbohydrates do?

1. Quick energy

2. Building block to creating cell components

3. Communication between cells

What are carbohydrates made up of?

Sacharides

What are enzymes?

A type of protien

Attributes of enzymes

1. Increases rate of reaction

2. Only work for 1 specific action

3. Specific shape

4. Reusable

What is a catalyst?

An enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions

Formula for hydroxyl

OH

Formula for carbonyl

C=O

Formula for carboxel

O=C—OH

Formula for amino

H—N—H

Atoms in the same row have what in common?

# of shells

Atoms in the same column have what in common?

Valence e^- protons

What monomer goes with the polymer carbohydrate?

Monosaccharide

What monomer goes with the polymer lipid?

Not a polymer

What monomer goes with the polymer protein?

Amino acid

What monomer goes with the polymer nucleic acid?

Nucleodote

Where is the active site located?

Between the substrate and the enzyme

What model is this?

Bohr model