Art Section V

What changed between the 1830s and 1930s?

New forms of transportation and modern artistic styles and movements

What did artists do in Impressionism and Cubism?

Break down traditional representations of space and volume and focusing on visual elements

What is abstraction?

The simplification of visually recognizable forms

What was the railway network developed and expanded?

1830s

When was the automobile invented?

1880s

When was the airplane invented?

1900s

What did modern artists use abstraction to represent?

The experience of riding in a train, car, or airplane

What art movement was Claude Monet a part of?

Impressionism

What kind of family was Monet born into?

Middle-class

Where and when was Money born?

Paris in 1840

Where did Monet grow up?

Le Havre

What was Monet's father's profession?

Grocer

What did Monet do in 1862?

Go to Paris to study art

Where did Monet serve in the French military?

Algeria

Who did Monet study under?

Charles Gleyre

What two groups were in opposition during the 1850s and 1860s?

The Academic faction and younger painters

What group was Monet initially allied with?

The traditionalists

What was the Salon?

State-sponsored art exhibition

When did Monet exhibit his work at the Salon?

1865, 1866, and 1868

What painters did Money meet in the late 1860s?

Alfred Sisley and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

How did Monet's art change after meeting Sisley and Renoir?

He used more abstract representations of the landscape

What were some characteristics of Monet's abstract works?

Spontaneity, saturated colors, focus on brushwork and experimental techniques

Where did Monet paint?

Outdoors

What is the French term for painting outdoors?

En plein air

What developments made painting outdoors possible?

Oil paint in pre-filled metal tubes

How were the Impressionists viewed in their own time?

As upstart radicals

When did the Impressionists start openly challenging traditional French Academic painting?

1874

Which artists formed a société anonyme in 1874?

Monet, Gustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas

What does société anonyme mean?

A corporation owned by stockholders

What artists were part of the société anonyme's first group exhibition?

Artists whose work has been rejected by the official Salon

What work did Money exhibit at the group exhibition?

Impression, Sunrise

Which art critic created the label "Impressionists"?

Louis Leroy

What did the Impressionists have in common?

They rejected the detailed naturalism of Academic and Orientalist paintings

What did the Impressionists focus on?

Brushwork and color

What were some typical subject matters for the Impressionists?

Natural landscapes, middle-class leisure time, and the changing city of Paris

When did France have revolutions?

1789, 1814, 1830, 1848

What did Paris' urban renewal project include?

Widening main streets, installing public amenities, and constructing iconic buildings

What buildings were built as part of the urban renewal project?

Printemps department store and the Opéra

How many new railroad stations were built in Paris?

7

What was the first of the 7 railroad stations?

Gare Saint-Lazare

When was the original location of the Gare Saint-Lazare established?

1835

Where is the Gare Saint-Lazare located?

Central Paris

Which locations did the Gare Saint-Lazare connect Paris to?

The suburbs to the northwest and farther regions like Normandy

Where were the first tracks of the stations built?

In tunnels under a plaza

How did an 1853 redevelopment change the station?

It opened up the approach to the station and the Pont de l'Europe was constructed

How was Paris evolving in the the 19th century?

It was slowly demolishing medieval buildings and streets

What was notable about the architecture of the train hall?

Its iron and glass roof covered a large area and brought in natural light

What did the architecture of the train hall represent?

France's modernity

What periodical did Honoré Daumier produce cartoons for?

Le Charivari

What satirical series did Daumier create?

On the Train

What does Édouard Manet's The Railway (1873) depict?

A governess and young child looking through railings onto a train line suffused with fluffy white steam

What did Caillebotte's Le Pont de l'Europe depict?

The iron truss bridge that spanned the tracks of Gare Saint-Lazare

How many images did Monet create for the Gare Saint-Lazare series?

At least a dozen

Why did Monet create the Gare Saint-Lazare series?

He had a growing interest in technology

What was Monet's focus on?

The industrial architecture of the station as it interfaced with the effects of light, weather, and atmosphere

Where did Monet live between 1871 and 1877?

Argenteuil

What do many of Monet's works during 1871-1877 depict?

His family enjoying an idyllic space of flowers and fresh air

How did the perception of Argenteuil change in the 1870s?

It stopped being a countryside retreat and instead became a suburban village

What themes did Monet's work gravitate towards in the 1870s?

Urban-industrial themes

What did Monet do in 1877?

Rent a studio space near the Gare Saint-Lazare

What kind of paintings did Monet create after renting a studio space?

Paintings that show urban buildings and activities

How many scenes of the Saint-Lazare station did Monet paint in 1877?

12

What did Monet get special permission to do?

Work inside the station

What does Arrival of the Normandy Train show?

The oldest set of tracks in the station

Where was the train stopped?

At a buffer

Where do the newer tracks extend?

Further into the space

What is partly visible?

The Pont de l'Europe

How is Arrival of the Normandy Train different from Monet's other works?

It is rather monochrome

Where are some of Monet's other works displayed?

Fogg Museum and the Musée d'Orsay

What color is the foreground?

Pale greenish-brown

What color is the rest of the painting?

Black and bluish gray

What types of brushmarks did Monet use?

Small, feathery strokes, larger blotches, and quick scribbles

What effect do Monet's brushmarks have?

They evoke the quickly-moving character of the steam coming from the train

What details emphasize the modern architecture of the station in Monet's series?

The cast iron pillars, glass roofing panes, and the brushy impressions created by the steam

What did effect did Impressionism seek to have on viewers?

A sense of momentary, quick observation

What did Monet include in his notebook?

Extensive sketches of the station and the surrounding neighborhood

How many of the Saint-Lazare paintings were shown at the 1877 Impressionist exhibition?

7

How did Emile Zola feel about Monet's work?

He was impressed by Monet's "terrific views of train stations."

What historical development does Zola's quotation demonstrate?

19th century thinkers connected modern forms of transportation and technology to new developments in painting

What did one critic say about Impressionists?

That they were unable to depict railway stations without obscuring them with vapor

What did the critic's claim show about their view of Monet's work?

They understood but rejected Monet's goal of representing modern subjects in an abstracted style

When did Impressionism become more widely accepted as an important step in modernist experimentation?

Mid-20th century

Why was Monet's Saint-Lazare series significant in his career?

It was the first time he made a group of works meant to be viewed as a series

When did Monet die?

1926

What was Monet known for later in his career?

Serial images showing his subjects in a variety of weathers and times of day

What subjects did Monet depict?

Rural haystacks, waterlilies in his garden, the Houses of Parliament, and the cathedral in Rouen, Normandy

What did the everchanging view in train stations allow Monet to do?

Capture the movement and dynamism of rail travel and Impressionism's sense of momentary glimpse

What did artists become more interested in during the 20th century?

How abstract techniques could depict the speed and thrill of new modes of transportation

When was the Wright brothers' first successful flight?

1903

Where was the Wright brothers' first successful flight completed?

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Why were airplanes not widely represented in art in the first decade of manned motorized flight?

They were not very present in the public consciousness and daily life

Where were airfields usually located?

Far from city centers

Who were the main users of airplanes in the early days of flight?

Stunt people and specialized flyers

What year did artists start to think about representing flight with abstract art?

1913

In which countries were artists starting to think about depicting flight in their art?

Britain, France, Italy, and Russia

Who was one artist that was interested in flight?

Robert Delaunay

What movement was Delaunay associated with?

Orphism

What does Homage to Blériot combine?

Scientific color theory and celebration of modern technology

Who does Homage to Blériot praise?

Louis Blériot

What were Louis Blériot's professions?

Aviator and airplane manufacturer