Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, & Protostomes

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Protostome

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a multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod

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Deuterostome

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Any of a major group of animals defined by its embryonic development, in which the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus

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52 Terms

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Protostome

a multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod

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Deuterostome

Any of a major group of animals defined by its embryonic development, in which the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus

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Cnidarians

hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

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Ctenophores

comb jellies

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Lophotrochozoa

crest or wheel animals = annelids (segmented worms) + mollusks + several smaller groups

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Ecdysozoa

nematodes (roundworms) + arthropods (centipedes & millipedes, horseshoe crabs & spiders; crustaceans & insects

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Phylum Porifera

Sponges

  • No tissues! Not diploblastic or triploblastic.

  • ●  May be asymmetrical

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Sponges body plan

  • ●  Water is drawn in through pores into a central cavity called spongocoel

  • ●  Water exits through an opening called an osculum

  • ●  Flagellated collar cells (choanocytes) generate current

  • ●  Digestion cells (amoebocytes) are found in the mesophyll

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Sponges reproduction

Reproduction is by fragmentation & sexual reproduction

○ Most sponges are hermaphrodites

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Phylum Cnidaria

  • ●  11,000+ species.  Most are marine. Some are freshwater species

  • ●  Radially symmetrical

  • ●  Diplobastic

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Phylum Cnidaria traits

  • cnidocytes

    ○  Specialized cells with stinging

    • organelles = nematocysts

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Major Clades of Cnidarians

Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans, Anthozoans

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Phylum Cnidaria: clade Anthozoans

  • Coral, Sea Anemones, Sea Fans

  • ●  Always polyps: single or colony

  • ●  Egg + sperm → → planula larva (with cilia) that may drift/swim to a new location before attaching.

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Phylum Cnidaria: clades Scyphozoans

animal: Jellyfish, box jellyfish, “true Jellyfish”

  • Mostly marine, typically in coastal waters

  • ●  Free-swimming medusa is the dominant form

  • ●  Polyp stages are minimal

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Cnidarians body plan

Two body types: Polyp & Medusa

  • The gastrovascular cavity has a single opening - that serves as both mouth & anus

  • ●  Mesoglea = thick, jelly-like substance that separates the only two tissue layers

  • ●  Nerve cells form nerve nets which connect sensory cells in the body wall to contractile cells & glands

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Lophotrochozoa

  • One of two clades of protostomes

  • ●  Clade including flatworms, rotifers, nemerteans,

    mollusks, & annelids

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Lophotrochozoa traits

  • Lophophore = ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth in three small groups of animals

  •  Trochophore Larvae = type of lara that characterized two major groups: mollusks & annelids

  • ○  Bilateral symmetry (at least as larvae)

  • ○  Triplobastic

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Flatworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes & Clade Lophotrochozoa

  • ●  Free-living, marine, fresh-water & terrestrial environments

  • ●  Usually predatory on other invertebrates (not parasitic)

  • ●  Acoelomates with simple bilateral symmetry

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Flatworm Characteristics

  • ●  Covered by ciliated epidermis

  • ●  Simple nervous system: two nerve masses

    (ganglia) connected by two nerve cords

  • ●  Sense organs: simple eyespots +

    statocysts (organs for balance)

  • ●  Gastrovascular cavity with one opening

    (mouth)

  • ●  No organs for circulation or gas exchange

  • ●  Protonephridia = structures that function to

    maintain osmoregulation, & metabolic

    waste disposal

  • ●  Reproductive organs - hermaphroditic

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Flukes (flatworm)

●  Parasitic

●  Complicated life cycles with alternation of sexual & asexual stages & intermediate hosts

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Nemerteans (flatworms

  • ●  Includes ribbon worms

  • ●  About 1200 species

  • ●  Habitat: burrow into marine sediment, or (a few) inhabit deep see water, fresh

    water or damp soil

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Tapeworms (flatworms)

  • ●  Inhabit the intestinal tracts of every

    kind of vertebrate

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Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Mollusks: Four Major Classes

  • ○  Polyplacophora (Chitons)

    • ○  Gastropoda (snails & slugs)

    • ○  Bivalvia (clams, oysters, etc)

    • ○  Cephalopoda (squids,

      octopuses, cuttlefish, & chambered nautiluses)

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Mollusk Characteristics

  • ●  Soft body - covered by a calcium carbonate shell

  • ●  Broad, flat, muscular foot

  • ●  Body organs concentrated as a visceral mass

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Mollusk Circulatory Systems

  • Closed circulatory system

    -Cephalopoda

  • Open circulatory system

    -Polyplacophora

    -Gastropoda

    -Bivalvia

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Mollusks - Polyplacophorans (Chiton)

  • Marine animals with flattened bodies

  • ●  Shell composed of eight separate, overlapping dorsal plates

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Mollusks - Gastropods

  • Largest & most diverse mollusk group

  • ●  May have spirally coiled, flattened, or absent shell

  • ●  Twisting of the visceral mass

    (torsion) is a unique feature of

    gastropods

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Mollusks - Bivalves

  • ●  Soft body which is laterally compressed & enclosed by a two-part shell

  • ●  Shell hinges dorsally & opens

    ventrally

  • ●  Clams & oysters = filter feeders

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Mollusks - Cephalopods

  • ●  Octopods, Squids, Cuttlefish, Nautilus

  • ●  Fast-swimming predators with mouths surrounded by tentacles

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Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Annelids

  • Includes Polychaetes, Earthworms, Leeches

  • ●  Segmented worms with bilateral symmetry

  • ●  Nervous system consists of a ventral nerve + one pair of ganglia (simple brain)

  • ●  Coelomates

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Annelids - Polychaetes

  • ●  Marine worms

  • ●  Free-swimming, burrow in mud, or

    live in secreted tubes

  • ●  Parapodia on each segment function in locomotion & gas

    exchange

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Annelids - Oligochaetes

  • Most live in freshwater or moist terrestrial habitats

  • ●  Hermaphroditic,

  • common earthworm

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Annelids - Hirudinida

  • ●  Leeches

  • ●  Most are blood-sucking

    parasites

  • ●  Most live in freshwater habitats

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Lophophorates Three Groups

  • Brachiopoda

  • ●  Phoronida

  • ●  Bryozoa

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Lophophorates

  • ●  Marine animals

  • ●  Live on ocean floor

  • ●  Captures suspended particles

  • ●  Coelomate

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Rotifers

  • ●  “Wheeled Animals”

  • ●  Multicellular

  • ●  Aquatic

  • ●  Microscopic

  • ●  “Cell Constant

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Ecdysozoa

  • ●  Nematodes & Arthropods

  • ●  Ecdysis = molting

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Ecdysozoa - Nematodes

  •  Includes decomposers, predators of smaller organisms, parasites

  • Roundworms

  • ●  Bilateral symmetry

  • ●  Complete digestive tract

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Parasitic Nematodes

Hookworms
Heartworms

Pinworm

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Ecdysozoa - Arthropods

  • ●  Most biologically successful group of animals

  • ●  Includes 80% of all known animals

  • ●  Open circulatory system

  • ● Digestive system

  • ● Reproductive organs contained in small coelom

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Arthropod Adaptations

● Segmentation

●  Hard exoskeleton

●  Paired, jointed appendages

●  Variety of effective sense organs, including antennae & compound eyes

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Arthropod Exoskeleton

  • Exoskeleton makes specialized

    respiratory systems for gas

    exchange necessary

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Five (Main) Arthropod Groups

  • ●  Trilobites (extinct)

  • ●  Myriapoda

  • ●  Chelicerata

  • ●  Crustacea

  • ●  Hexapoda

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Arthropod -Trilobites

  • ●  Inhabited shallow Paleozoic seas more than 500 mya

  • ●  Extinct for ~ 250 my

  • ●  Lived on sea bottom; filtered mud for food

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Arthropod- Arachnids

  • Spiders, Mites, Ticks, Scorpions

  • ●  Six pairs of jointed appendages

  • ●  Gas exchange by tracheal tubes, book lungs, or both

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Arthropod - Crustaceans

  • ●  Includes: lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles

  • ●  Mandibles

  • ●  Biramous appendages

  • ●  Two pairs of antennae

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Crustaceans - Decapods

  • ●  Decapods are the largest & most familiar order of crustaceans

  • ●  Lobsters, crayfish, crabs, & shrimp

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Hexapods

● Uniramous appendages
●  One pair of antennae

●  Simple & compound eyes

●  Complex mouthparts adapted for piercing, chewing, sucking, or lapping

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Hexapods - Insects

  • Most successful group of animals on the planet in terms of the number of individuals, number of species, diversity, & geographic distribution

  • ●articulated, tracheal hexapods

  • ●  Life stages: egg → larva → pupa

    → adult

  • ● ants, bees, termites

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Adaptations for Insect Success

  • Ability to fly

  • ●  Reproductive capacity

  • ●  Metamorphosis

  • ●  Bites & stings

  • ● Tough exoskeleton
    ● Segmentation