Principles and Practice of Health Education

A collection of flashcards covering definitions, theories, principles, and assessment methods in health education and developmental psychology as presented in the lecture notes.

Health

A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the World Health Organization Constitution of 1948.

Credibility

The degree to which the message to be communicated is perceived as trustworthy by the receiver.

Participation

A principle where health education aims at encouraging people to work actively with health workers in identifying their own problems and developing solutions.

Comprehension

The principle of communicating in the language people understand while avoiding the use of strange words or jargons.

Learning by doing

A principle stating that learning is an action-process rather than one based on memorization.

Human biology

A content area of health education that covers physical fitness and the effects of alcohol, smoking, and drugs on the body.

Learning (Hilgard, 1996)

A relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of experience.

Learning Theory

A coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn.

Behavioral Learning Theory

A theory by John Watson and B.F. Skinner stating that behaviors are learned from the environment and that innate or inherited factors have very little influence.

Classical conditioning

A type of learning that addresses involuntary responses, such as when the sound of a bell alone stimulates saliva flow from dogs.

Operant conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is reinforced by a reward or punishment.

Cognitive Learning Theory

An active style of learning by Jean Piaget that focuses on maximizing brain potential and connecting new information with existing ideas.

Social Learning Theory

A process by Albert Bandura in which individuals observe the behavior of others and its consequences and modify their own behavior accordingly.

Modelling

The core of observational learning which involves cognitive processes and is more than simple mimicry or imitation.

Enactive Learning

A type of learning where response consequences inform individuals of the effects of their actions and motivate anticipatory behavior.

Bobo Doll Experiment

An experiment by Bandura demonstrating that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult model.

Microsystem

Part of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory where the child is influenced by people with whom they have direct contact, such as family and peers.

Mesosystem

The system where a child is influenced by the experiences they have with the people in their microsystem.

Exosystem

A system in which the child is influenced by actions or people that do not have an active role in his or her life.

Macrosystem

An environmental system where a child is influenced by cultural values, traditions, socioeconomic status, and laws.

Chronosystem

A system where the child is influenced by growing older or shifts in the lifespan, such as the divorce of parents.

Pedagogy

The art and science of teaching and helping children learn.

Germinal period

The first $\frac{1}{2}$ weeks of prenatal development where conception occurs and a zygote is formed.

Embryonic period

The period from $3$ to $8$ weeks after conception where the multi-cellular organism is called an embryo and blood vessels form the placenta.

Fetal period

The stage from $9$ to $40$ weeks where the organism is called a fetus and takes on a recognizable human form.

Oral fixation

A problem defined by Sigmund Freud as an addiction to smoking or eating resulting from unresolved focus on oral activities during ages $0$ to $1$.

Anal retentive

A personality trait characterized by excessive concern with details, resulting from the toilet training stage between ages $1$ and $3$.

Trust vs Mistrust

Erik Erikson's first psychosocial stage (ages $0$ to $1$) where an infant learns if basic needs like nourishment and affection will be met.

Principle of Correlation and Association

The teaching principle stating that previous knowledge should correlate with present knowledge because the brain does not recall information in isolation.

Principle of Effect

The principle that behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those leading to undesired outcomes are less likely to recur.

Learning Needs

Gaps in knowledge that exist between a desired level of performance and the actual level of performance.

Structured Interviews

An assessment method where the nurse asks direct and predetermined questions to reveal uncertainties, anxieties, or knowledge base.

Physical Readiness

The measure of a learner's ability, including strength, flexibility, endurance, and sensory acuity to perform movements that affect learning.

Internal locus of control

A state where patients are internally motivated and ready to learn when they feel a need to know about something.

Cosmopolitan orientation

A worldly perspective where an individual is receptive to new ideas and opportunities to learn new ways of doing things.

VARK

A model of learning styles by Neil D. Flemming and Coleen E. Mills (1992) consisting of Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing, and Kinesthetic modes.

Educational objectives

Objectives that identify the intended outcomes of the education process, such as alumni demonstrating specific nursing interventions.

Process evaluation

Assessing the implementation of health education and how the work takes place.

Impact evaluation

Assessing the immediate effects of health education activities on the people who have received the messages.

Outcome evaluation

Assessment of measurable long-term outcomes or effects of health education activities.

Neonates

A population group characterized as being $\frac{1}{3}$ the length, $\frac{1}{9}$ the $\text{BSA}$, and $\frac{1}{21}$ the weight of an adult.

Older adults

An age group (65+ years) more appropriately defined by function rather than chronology, often characterized by diminished senses and reflexes.