AP History Ch. 13

family, religion, and community

Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on

enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work

There were several disadvantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants

relied on helpful neighborhood slave owners to ship and sell their cotton for them

Yeomen in the plantation belt of the South

worked ambitiously and hoped to move up and away from their miserable living conditions

At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who

a greater number of ordinary citizens voted, but yeomen and artisans were still only infrequently elected to the legislatures

In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that

Cotton production expanded to the West

After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power?

combined barter, networks of exchange, and mutual assistance

The economy of the upcountry South typically

slavery, honor, and male domination

Which of the following plantation values strongly influenced southern life before the Civil War?

Planters made good profits and feared that economic change would threaten the plantation system

Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy?

raised hogs, cattle, and sheep, and sought self-sufficiency and independence

Upcountry yeomen, who lived in the hills and mountains,

the existence of an ever-increasing number of slaves in the South

In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and the South was

a positive good because it civilized blacks and brought them Christianity

Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was

more than 4 million

In 1790, there were fewer than 700,000 slaves in the South; by 1860 that number had increased to

made sure all slaves worked hard

The rarest job on the plantation for slaves was that of driver, the person who

Nat Turner's insurrection

The passage of laws strengthening the institution of slavery and restricting free blacks by the Virginia legislature in 1831 was prompted by

the southern institution of slavery

In 1831, a French visitor to the United States, Alexis de Tocqueville, astutely observed that the major differences between the North and South revolved around

had extended suffrage for all adult white males

By the 1850s, the political system of the white South

Free blacks were subjected to special taxes, prohibited from interstate travel, denied the right to have schools and to participate in politics, and forced to carry "freedom papers."

Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860?

found in almost every skilled and unskilled occupation in the South

As a system, slavery by 1860 was

agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing

Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on

rice

The staple crop in the tidewater area from the Carolinas into Georgia, which required canals, dikes, and huge numbers of slaves, was

state legislatures failed to provide many essential services, and planters saw no need to educate their workforce

As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because

running away

A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was

white supremacy

Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to

miscegenation

Most plantation mistresses kept their opinions on issues to themselves, but the diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut echoed most women in railing against

natural reproduction

The growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of

were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers

In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners

blaming the revolt on outside agitators

After the violence of Nat Turner's rebellion, white Virginians reassured themselves by

were more likely to attend a religious revival than a classroom lecture

Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands

cared for small children, spun yarn, fed livestock, or cleaned stables

When slaves became elderly, they

they believed that the slaves' salvation was part of their obligation and that religion would make slaves more obedient

Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because

newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North

Because of the South lacked economic diversity,

of its climate and geography

The cultivation of cotton was well suited to the South because

was an interpretation of the Christian message that emphasized justice and salvation for all

African American Christianity, created by slaves themselves,

whippings

The most essential coercion planters used to punish slaves was

owning at least twenty slaves

According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his

whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860 and were heavily armed, so rebels had almost no chance of success

Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because

typically rural, uneducated and made up of unskilled laborers

The free black population in the old South was

did not own slaves

Most white Southerners in the antebellum South

demanded that they be subordinate

Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands

engaging in daily forms of resistance such as feigning illness, breaking farm equipment, or playing dumb

Among the ways slaves reacted to their bondage was

moving up to the planter class

The typical plantation belt yeoman in the old South aspired to

whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class

The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that

actively stifling its harsher critics by hounding them from their work, church, and political lives and through occasion violence

South's elite class protected slavery by

blacks were the majority

In 1860, in the Lower South states of South Carolina and Mississippi,

she could have the responsibility of managing servants, directing the slave hospital, and supervising the henhouse and dairy

The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality

it was in the master's best interest to treat his slaves well enough that they could have children

As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because

75 percent

By 1860, what percentage of the world's supply of cotton was produced in the southern United States?

did not live a life of leisure and spent most of her time on the plantation

The typical plantation mistress

a concept whereby a slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance

Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism,"